scholarly journals A Study on the Customized Design Criteria of Pedestrians’ Specifications Using a Dimensionless Number

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 10762
Author(s):  
Chang-Gyun Roh ◽  
Bum-Jin Park
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dimensionless Number ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
Dimensionless Numbers ◽  
Gait Characteristics ◽  
Gait Characteristic ◽  
Medical Facilities ◽  
Average Body

Worldwide, the population is aging at a gradually increasing speed, due to a decrease in the population and the development of medical facilities and technology. Due to the rapid aging of the population, social infrastructure will also need to be transformed into convenient facilities for the elderly. Walking facilities have been manufactured based on body size measured for general adults. Accordingly, it is necessary to prepare a new design standard suitable for the characteristics of the elderly. It is very difficult to establish standardized values for the elderly because there is a large difference in gait characteristics as well as body size. Therefore, in this study, gait characteristics were measured for the elderly with the standard physique of the elderly in Korea, and the measured gait characteristic variable values were converted into dimensionless numbers to calculate coefficients with more representativeness. The calculated coefficient is expected to be more universally applied and utilized because factors that may affect it depending on the size of the body are removed. When designing a walking facility, the average body size is applied to convert it back into necessary walking attribute information (including units), and this is presented as an example from Korea. It is expected that the presented results can be used to design more suitable and safe pedestrian facilities for an aging society.

scholarly journals Insect body size changes under future warming projections: a case study of Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera)

Hydrobiologia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rungtip Wonglersak ◽  
Phillip B. Fenberg ◽  
Peter G. Langdon ◽  
Stephen J. Brooks ◽  
Benjamin W. Price
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Wing Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mesocosm Experiments ◽  
Future Warming ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Emergence Date ◽  
Average Body

AbstractChironomids are a useful group for investigating body size responses to warming due to their high local abundance and sensitivity to environmental change. We collected specimens of six species of chironomids every 2 weeks over a 2-year period (2017–2018) from mesocosm experiments using five ponds at ambient temperature and five ponds at 4°C higher than ambient temperature. We investigated (1) wing length responses to temperature within species and between sexes using a regression analysis, (2) interspecific body size responses to test whether the body size of species influences sensitivity to warming, and (3) the correlation between emergence date and wing length. We found a significantly shorter wing length with increasing temperature in both sexes of Procladius crassinervis and Tanytarsus nemorosus, in males of Polypedilum sordens, but no significant relationship in the other three species studied. The average body size of a species affects the magnitude of the temperature-size responses in both sexes, with larger species shrinking disproportionately more with increasing temperature. There was a significant decline in wing length with emergence date across most species studied (excluding Polypedilum nubeculosum and P. sordens), indicating that individuals emerging later in the season tend to be smaller.

432. The condition and average live and carcass weights of ‘wastage’ animals in west Wales (1943–46)

1951 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Annual Variations ◽  
Average Body

1. The body size and grading of the wastage cattle have been described. It was found that the average wastage cow is relatively small in size with an average live weight of 1100 lb. or 9¾ cwt. The condition was also disappointingly poor since over one-half of the total wastage cows are in grade C or are ungraded.2. The seasonality of the sales shows an autumn glut, which appears to increase as the grade or condition deteriorates.3. The annual variations in body size during the 4 years are very slight, which seems to indicate that under present circumstances the region can only maintain cows of this size.4. It was shown that the region can be subdivided into four parts in which the average body size for each section falls into one of four well-defined ranges of weight.

scholarly journals Morphological diversification in different trematode lineages: body size, host type, or time?

Parasitology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 136 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. POULIN
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Developmental Constraints ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Morphological Diversification ◽  
The Family ◽  
Phenotypic Diversification ◽  
Average Body

SUMMARYDifferent lineages experience different rates of phenotypic diversification, resulting in greater or lower variance in the expression of phenotypic traits among the species within a lineage. Here, morphological diversification is investigated in 14 different trematode families, based on a dataset comprising morphometric data on body size and 4 anatomical structures (oral sucker, ventral sucker, pharynx, cirrus sac) from 386 species. Three hypotheses are tested and subsequently rejected based on the empirical evidence. First, the degree of morphological variation in all traits within a trematode family, measured as the coefficient of variation among species, appears independent of the average body size of species belonging to that family. Second, patterns of morphological diversification appear similar whether endothermic or ectothermic vertebrates are used as definitive hosts. Third, phylogenetically older trematode lineages did not display greater morphological variation than younger, more derived ones, ruling out evolutionary time as an explanation. The results are consistent with developmental constraints acting on morphological diversification, since for some pairs of traits, variation in one trait is not independent of variation in another trait. More importantly, across most families, variation in body size was significantly more pronounced than variation in the relative sizes of the other morphological features. Trematode body size therefore varies widely while the general body architecture of the family is maintained. The fact that the evolution of the body plan is more conservative than that of body size suggests that the range of morphologies that can evolve in trematodes is constrained.

scholarly journals KERAGAMAN SIFAT KUALITATIF DAN KUANTITATIF SAPI KUANTAN PADA BERBAGAI TINGKATAN UMUR DIKECAMATAN BENAI

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Restu Misrianti ◽  
Rona Perti Mustika ◽  
Arsyadi Ali
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Quantitative Trait ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chest Circumference ◽  
Hair Color ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Qualitative Nature ◽  
Average Body

This research aims to know the diversity of the nature of qualitative and quantitative kuantan cows age on many levels in Benai District of Kuantan Singingi regency. The number of samples was observed 88 cows kuantan which consists of 71 cows female and 17 male cows with levels 0-6 months, 6-12 months, 12-18 months and 18-24 months. The parameters observed in the qualitative nature of hair and skin color is, horns shape and color away, while the nature of quantitative measurements of the body namely chest circumference, length, shoulder height, in the chest and hip height. The results showed that the qualitative nature of the cows kuantan females include the dominant hair color that is the color of tanned 35,21% white, curved Horn shape up and short horns and small alike 29.5% and the dominant leg color is 68% white and male cow whereas in kuantan, the dominant hair color that is the color of tanned 35,30% white, horned 53% not horned and short small 29% , and the dominant leg color is white 76%. Quantitative trait cow kuantan females include the dominant length is age 18-24 months 96,28 ± 10.70 cm, chest circumference: 20,71 ± 12.52 cm, in the chest: 43,28 ± 0.14 cm, shoulder height: 96,57 ± 7.25 cm and a height of hips: 101,71 ± 9.94 cm and while the average body size of cow kuantan males include the dominant length is aged 6-12 months 87 ± 6.05 cm, chest circumference of 6-12 months ± 16,52 112,75 cm chest, in 12-18 months 41,33 ± 1.53 cm shoulder height, age 18-24 months orders of 4.16 ± 91,67 cm high hip and age 12-18 months of 6.08 ± 101 cm.

scholarly journals Energetic inequivalence in eusocial insect colonies

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 611-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. DeLong
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Size Dependence ◽  
Population Level ◽  
The Body ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Eusocial Insects ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Average Body ◽  
Colony Level

The energetic equivalence rule states that population-level metabolic rate is independent of average body size. This rule has been both supported and refuted by allometric studies of abundance and individual metabolic rate, but no study, to my knowledge, has tested the rule with direct measurements of whole-population metabolic rate. Here, I find a positive scaling of whole-colony metabolic rate with body size for eusocial insects. Individual metabolic rates in these colonies scaled with body size more steeply than expected from laboratory studies on insects, while population size was independent of body size. Using consumer-resource models, I suggest that the colony-level metabolic rate scaling observed here may arise from a change in the scaling of individual metabolic rate resulting from a change in the body size dependence of mortality rates.

The Body Size of Headstarted and Wild Juvenile European Pond Turtles (Emys orbicularis)

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
Sławomir Mitrus ◽  
Bartłomiej Najbar ◽  
Adam Kotowicz ◽  
Anna Najbar
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
The Body ◽  
Emys Orbicularis

scholarly journals Smart Wearable Sensors Based on Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Personal Healthcare Monitoring

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 352
Author(s):  
Ruonan Li ◽  
Xuelian Wei ◽  
Jiahui Xu ◽  
Junhuan Chen ◽  
Bin Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Wearable Sensors ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The Body ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
Triboelectric Nanogenerator ◽  
Personal Healthcare ◽  
Healthcare Monitoring ◽  
Smart Wearable

Accurate monitoring of motion and sleep states is critical for human health assessment, especially for a healthy life, early diagnosis of diseases, and medical care. In this work, a smart wearable sensor (SWS) based on a dual-channel triboelectric nanogenerator was presented for a real-time health monitoring system. The SWS can be worn on wrists, ankles, shoes, or other parts of the body and cloth, converting mechanical triggers into electrical output. By analyzing these signals, the SWS can precisely and constantly monitor and distinguish various motion states, including stepping, walking, running, and jumping. Based on the SWS, a fall-down alarm system and a sleep quality assessment system were constructed to provide personal healthcare monitoring and alert family members or doctors via communication devices. It is important for the healthy growth of the young and special patient groups, as well as for the health monitoring and medical care of the elderly and recovered patients. This work aimed to broaden the paths for remote biological movement status analysis and provide diversified perspectives for true-time and long-term health monitoring, simultaneously.

scholarly journals First record of Pachycrocuta brevirostris (Gervais, 1850) from Ukraine on the background of the European occurrence of the species

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Marciszak ◽  
Yuriy Semenov ◽  
Piotr Portnicki ◽  
Tamara Derkach
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
First Record ◽  
The Body ◽  
Crocuta Crocuta ◽  
Early Pleistocene ◽  
Eastern Asia ◽  
South Eastern

AbstractCranial material ofPachycrocuta brevirostrisfrom the late Early Pleistocene site of Nogaisk is the first record of this species in Ukraine. This large hyena was a representative of the Tamanian faunal complex and a single specialised scavenger in these faunas. The revisited European records list ofP.brevirostrisdocumented the presence of this species in 101 sites, dated in the range of 3.5–0.4 Ma. This species first disappeared in Africa, survived in Europe until ca. 0.8–0.7 Ma, and its last, relict occurrence was known from south-eastern Asia. The main reason of extinction ofP.brevirostrisprobably was the competition withCrocuta crocuta. The cave hyena was smaller, but its teeth were proportionally larger to the body size, better adapted to crushing bones and slicing meat, and could also hunt united in larger groups.

scholarly journals The Analysis of Nutritional Habits of the Third Age Students in Poznań

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-29
Author(s):  
Magdalena Pracka ◽  
Marcin Dziedziński ◽  
Przemysław Łukasz Kowalczewski
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nutritional Habits ◽  
Third Age ◽  
Waist To Hip Ratio ◽  
The Third

AbstractIn recent years have seen increasing percentage of the elderly in the overall population. This has driven the attention to the lifestyle factors that influence the health and quality of life of this social group, including their nutrition and physical activity. Universities of the Third Age (U3A) are a valuable platform for the dissemination and broadening of the knowledge related to these topics. The nutritional habits of 61 U3A students in Poznań were evaluated on the basis of a modified KomPAN questionnaire. Their nutritional status was determined using the body mass index (BMI) and waist to hip ratio (WHR) indices. Nearly half of the respondents were overweight and 16% had first degree obesity. The WHR index in women was on average 0.8, while in men it was 1.01. Only 13% of the students declared regular eating, with 60% consuming 4-5 meals a day. Women were found to eat snacks between meals more often than men. It was also found that the majority of the elderly do not add salt to ready meals or sweeten beverages with sugars. Taking into account the observed nutritional problems and the occurrence of improper eating habits of the elderly, it is recommended to continue the education on the prevention of common diet-related diseased.

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