Insect body size changes under future warming projections: a case study of Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera)

AbstractChironomids are a useful group for investigating body size responses to warming due to their high local abundance and sensitivity to environmental change. We collected specimens of six species of chironomids every 2 weeks over a 2-year period (2017–2018) from mesocosm experiments using five ponds at ambient temperature and five ponds at 4°C higher than ambient temperature. We investigated (1) wing length responses to temperature within species and between sexes using a regression analysis, (2) interspecific body size responses to test whether the body size of species influences sensitivity to warming, and (3) the correlation between emergence date and wing length. We found a significantly shorter wing length with increasing temperature in both sexes of Procladius crassinervis and Tanytarsus nemorosus, in males of Polypedilum sordens, but no significant relationship in the other three species studied. The average body size of a species affects the magnitude of the temperature-size responses in both sexes, with larger species shrinking disproportionately more with increasing temperature. There was a significant decline in wing length with emergence date across most species studied (excluding Polypedilum nubeculosum and P. sordens), indicating that individuals emerging later in the season tend to be smaller.

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Effect of Temperature on the Size of Sedimentary Remains of Littoral Chydorids

Water ◽

10.3390/w12051309 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 1309

Author(s):

János L. Korponai ◽

Csilla Kövér ◽

Charo López-Blanco ◽

István Gyulai ◽

László Forró ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Size ◽

Ambient Temperature ◽

Lacustrine Sediments ◽

The Body ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Body Parts ◽

Morphological Response ◽

Subfossil Remains ◽

Different Response ◽

Increasing Temperature

The body size of aquatic invertebrates is, to a great extent, dependent on ambient temperature, but size distributions are also determined by other factors like food supply and predation. The effect of temperature on organisms is formulated in the temperature–size hypothesis, which predicts a smaller body size with increasing temperature. In this study, the effect of temperature on the subfossil remains of three littoral Cladocera (Alona affnis, A. quadrangularis, and Chydorus cf. sphaericus) was investigated. Exoskeletal remains of these species can be found in large numbers in lacustrine sediments and over a wide north–south range in Europe. The total length of both headshield and postabdomen for A. affinis and A. quadrangularis and carapace length for C. cf. sphaericus were measured to observe their response to changes in latitude and temperature. A different response to ambient temperature in the growth of body parts was observed. The size of the headshields of both Alona species and of the carapace of Chydorus was significantly larger in colder regions as opposed to warm ones. It turned out that the postabdomen was not a good predictor of ambient temperature. While the sizes of all remains increased with latitude, the sizes of the Alona remains was smaller in the mountain lakes of the Southern Carpathians than in other cold lakes, in this case in Finland, a fact indicative of the importance of other factors on size distribution. This study demonstrates that a morphological response to climate is present in littoral cladocerans, and, therefore, changes in the length of headshield and carapace may be used as a proxy for climate changes in paleolimnological records.

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Seasonal changes in the body surface temperature of Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae) steers

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an14150 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 54 (9) ◽

pp. 1476 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

N. Y. Kim ◽

S. J. Kim ◽

J. H. Park ◽

M. R. Oh ◽

S. Y. Jang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Temperature ◽

Ambient Temperature ◽

Body Surface ◽

Seasonal Changes ◽

Bos Taurus ◽

The Body ◽

Body Regions ◽

Extreme Cold ◽

Body Surface Temperature ◽

Average Body

The present study aimed to gather basic information on measuring body surface temperature (BST) of cattle by using infrared thermography (IRT) and find out whether BST measurement is a useful method to detect thermal balance of livestock. Twenty-seven Hanwoo steers were examined in a field trial. The BST of five body regions (eye, nose, horn, ear, rear) was measured five times daily, with three replicates, during 3 days each season. Body surface temperature of cattle is directly affected by ambient temperature and humidity, and showed different ranges for each region. The BSTs of nose, horns and ears were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than those of eyes and rear area. Rear-area BST was significantly lower than eye-area BST when the ambient temperature was low (P < 0.05). Eye BST (EBST) was highest (P < 0.05) and the least variable of all BSTs measured. Therefore, the eye area of cattle was the most thermostable part of the body. There were significant (P < 0.05) differences among seasonal EBSTs of steers. The EBST range was highest in the summer (37.9–42.2°C), followed by autumn (34.3–37.4°C), spring (33.8–36.5°C) and winter (29.8–32.6°C). During extreme cold, EBST showed a large standard deviation. During conditions of extreme heat, EBST was above the average body temperature of cattle. The results of the present study indicated that BST well reflects the thermal circumstances surrounding animals and may be used as one of the effective tools for precision cattle farming.

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The complex effects of geography, ambient temperature, and North Atlantic Oscillation on the body size of Arctic hares in Greenland

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society ◽

10.1093/biolinnean/blw018 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 120 (4) ◽

pp. 909-918

Author(s):

Elad Yom-Tov ◽

Yoram Yom-Tov ◽

Shlomith Yom-Tov ◽

Mogens Andersen ◽

Daniel Rosenfeld ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Size ◽

Ambient Temperature ◽

North Atlantic Oscillation ◽

North Atlantic ◽

The Body

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A Study on the Customized Design Criteria of Pedestrians’ Specifications Using a Dimensionless Number

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app112210762 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (22) ◽

pp. 10762

Author(s):

Chang-Gyun Roh ◽

Bum-Jin Park

Keyword(s):

Body Size ◽

The Elderly ◽

The Body ◽

Dimensionless Number ◽

Social Infrastructure ◽

Dimensionless Numbers ◽

Gait Characteristics ◽

Gait Characteristic ◽

Medical Facilities ◽

Average Body

Worldwide, the population is aging at a gradually increasing speed, due to a decrease in the population and the development of medical facilities and technology. Due to the rapid aging of the population, social infrastructure will also need to be transformed into convenient facilities for the elderly. Walking facilities have been manufactured based on body size measured for general adults. Accordingly, it is necessary to prepare a new design standard suitable for the characteristics of the elderly. It is very difficult to establish standardized values for the elderly because there is a large difference in gait characteristics as well as body size. Therefore, in this study, gait characteristics were measured for the elderly with the standard physique of the elderly in Korea, and the measured gait characteristic variable values were converted into dimensionless numbers to calculate coefficients with more representativeness. The calculated coefficient is expected to be more universally applied and utilized because factors that may affect it depending on the size of the body are removed. When designing a walking facility, the average body size is applied to convert it back into necessary walking attribute information (including units), and this is presented as an example from Korea. It is expected that the presented results can be used to design more suitable and safe pedestrian facilities for an aging society.

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Allometry and morphological trait relationship in the sexually dimorphic Chinese dobsonfly, Acanthacorydalis asiatica (Wood-Mason, 1884) (Megaloptera, Corydalidae)

ZooKeys ◽

10.3897/zookeys.854.32897 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 854 ◽

pp. 119-129

Author(s):

Chengquan Cao ◽

Pei Yu ◽

Fumio Hayashi

Keyword(s):

Body Size ◽

Male Genitalia ◽

Wing Length ◽

The Body ◽

Sexually Dimorphic ◽

Male Body ◽

Male Body Size ◽

Intermediate Size ◽

Mandible Length ◽

Dimorphic Species

Male insects with large weapons such as horns and elongate mandibles would be expected to invest more on such structures than other parts of the body for advantages in male to male competition for mating. In male genitalia, however, intermediate size provides a better fit for more females than small or large sizes, and such a male would leave more offspring regardless of their body size. These predictions were tested using a static allometry analysis between body size and other trait sizes. Acanthacorydalisasiatica is a large dobsonfly (Megalotera) and males have conspicuously large mandibles used as weapons. We examined the hypothesis that the male mandibles of this sexually dimorphic species are sexually selected to enlarge, whereas the male genitalia are stable to be intermediate regardless of a great variation in body size. The results, as predicted, showed positive allometry between male body size and mandible length but negative allometry between male body size and ectoproct length (a male grasping structure). Sperm are transferred through a small spermatophore attached externally to the female genital opening, so it may be evolutionarily unnecessary to develop an enlarged male genital size. In contrast, there may be a trade-off between male mandible size and wing length, because of negative allometry between body size and wing length in males but isometry between them in females.

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Korelasi Ukuran Tubuh terhadap Bobot Badan Sapi Aceh Umur Sapih dan Umur Satu Tahun

Jurnal Agripet ◽

10.17969/agripet.v18i2.12355 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 117-122

Author(s):

Ikhsanuddin Ikhsanuddin ◽

Veronica Margareta Ani Nurgiartiningsih ◽

Kuswati Kuswati ◽

Zainuddin Zainuddin

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Body Size ◽

Regression Model ◽

Body Length ◽

Regression Equation ◽

The Body ◽

Chest Circumference ◽

Weaning Weight ◽

Weaning Age

ABSTRAK. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghitung nilai korelasi antara bobot badan dengan ukuran tubuh serta mengestimasi bobot badan (BB) berdasarkan ukuran tubuh. Materi penelitian ini adalah 159 ekor sapi Aceh umur sapih dan umur satu tahun. Metode penelitian adalah studi kasus berdasarkan data bobot sapih dan bobot satu tahun beserta ukuran tubuh sapi Aceh. Hasil penelitian pada sapi Aceh umur sapih menunjukkan korelasi bobot badan dengan lingkar dada, panjang badan, dan tinggi pundak berturut-turut 0.65, 0,56 dan 0,64, sedangkan nilai determinasinya adalah 0,42, 0,30 dan 0,41. Model regresi untuk estimasi bobot badan umur sapih yaitu BB= -30,23 + 0,47LD + 0,13PB + 0,50TP. Untuk sapi Aceh umur satu tahun nilai korelasi bobot badan dengan lingkar dada, panjang badan, dan tinggi pundak berturut-turut 0.69, 0,58 dan 0,55, nilai determinasinya adalah 0,47, 0,34 dan 0,30. Persamaan garis regresi untuk sapi Aceh umur satu tahun yaitu BB = -44,96 + 0,72LD + 0,46PB + 0,24TP. Berdasarkan hasil analisis korelasi menunjukkan bahwa korelasi lingkar dada dengan bobot badan memiliki hubungan paling kuat dibandingkan dengan panjang badan dan tinggi pundak. (Correlation between body size and body weight of Aceh Cattle at weaning and yearling age) ABSTRACT. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between body weight and body size, as well to estimate body weight based on body size. A total of 159 Aceh cattle at weaning and yearling age were used in this study. The method used was a case study based on the data on weaning weight, yearling weight, and body size of Aceh cattle. The results showed that at the weaning age, the correlation values between body weight (BW) with chest circumference (CC), body length (BL), and shoulder height (SH) were 0.65, 0.56, and 0.64, respectively, while the determinant values were 0.42, 0.30, and 0.41, respectively. Regression model for estimating body weight at weaning age was BW = -30.23 + 0.47CC + 0.13BL + 0.50SH. At the yearling age, the correlation values of body weight with chest circumference, body length, and shoulder height were 0.69, 0.58, and 0.55, respectively, while the determinant values were 0.47, 0.34, and 0.30, respectively. The regression equation for yearling Aceh cattle was BW = -44.96 + 0.72CC + 0.46BL + 0.24SH. This study showed that the highest correlation was observed on the body weight with chest circumference compared to those with either body length or shoulder height.

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432. The condition and average live and carcass weights of ‘wastage’ animals in west Wales (1943–46)

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029900005914 ◽

1951 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 1-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

R. Phillips

Keyword(s):

Body Size ◽

Live Weight ◽

The Body ◽

Annual Variations ◽

Average Body

1. The body size and grading of the wastage cattle have been described. It was found that the average wastage cow is relatively small in size with an average live weight of 1100 lb. or 9¾ cwt. The condition was also disappointingly poor since over one-half of the total wastage cows are in grade C or are ungraded.2. The seasonality of the sales shows an autumn glut, which appears to increase as the grade or condition deteriorates.3. The annual variations in body size during the 4 years are very slight, which seems to indicate that under present circumstances the region can only maintain cows of this size.4. It was shown that the region can be subdivided into four parts in which the average body size for each section falls into one of four well-defined ranges of weight.

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Morphological diversification in different trematode lineages: body size, host type, or time?

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182008005179 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 136 (1) ◽

pp. 85-92 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

R. POULIN

Keyword(s):

Body Size ◽

Morphological Variation ◽

The Body ◽

Phenotypic Traits ◽

Developmental Constraints ◽

Anatomical Structures ◽

Morphological Diversification ◽

The Family ◽

Phenotypic Diversification ◽

Average Body

SUMMARYDifferent lineages experience different rates of phenotypic diversification, resulting in greater or lower variance in the expression of phenotypic traits among the species within a lineage. Here, morphological diversification is investigated in 14 different trematode families, based on a dataset comprising morphometric data on body size and 4 anatomical structures (oral sucker, ventral sucker, pharynx, cirrus sac) from 386 species. Three hypotheses are tested and subsequently rejected based on the empirical evidence. First, the degree of morphological variation in all traits within a trematode family, measured as the coefficient of variation among species, appears independent of the average body size of species belonging to that family. Second, patterns of morphological diversification appear similar whether endothermic or ectothermic vertebrates are used as definitive hosts. Third, phylogenetically older trematode lineages did not display greater morphological variation than younger, more derived ones, ruling out evolutionary time as an explanation. The results are consistent with developmental constraints acting on morphological diversification, since for some pairs of traits, variation in one trait is not independent of variation in another trait. More importantly, across most families, variation in body size was significantly more pronounced than variation in the relative sizes of the other morphological features. Trematode body size therefore varies widely while the general body architecture of the family is maintained. The fact that the evolution of the body plan is more conservative than that of body size suggests that the range of morphologies that can evolve in trematodes is constrained.

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KERAGAMAN SIFAT KUALITATIF DAN KUANTITATIF SAPI KUANTAN PADA BERBAGAI TINGKATAN UMUR DIKECAMATAN BENAI

JURNAL PETERNAKAN ◽

10.24014/jupet.v15i2.4078 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 55 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Restu Misrianti ◽

Rona Perti Mustika ◽

Arsyadi Ali

Keyword(s):

Body Size ◽

Quantitative Trait ◽

Skin Color ◽

The Body ◽

Chest Circumference ◽

Hair Color ◽

Qualitative And Quantitative ◽

Quantitative Measurements ◽

Qualitative Nature ◽

Average Body

This research aims to know the diversity of the nature of qualitative and quantitative kuantan cows age on many levels in Benai District of Kuantan Singingi regency. The number of samples was observed 88 cows kuantan which consists of 71 cows female and 17 male cows with levels 0-6 months, 6-12 months, 12-18 months and 18-24 months. The parameters observed in the qualitative nature of hair and skin color is, horns shape and color away, while the nature of quantitative measurements of the body namely chest circumference, length, shoulder height, in the chest and hip height. The results showed that the qualitative nature of the cows kuantan females include the dominant hair color that is the color of tanned 35,21% white, curved Horn shape up and short horns and small alike 29.5% and the dominant leg color is 68% white and male cow whereas in kuantan, the dominant hair color that is the color of tanned 35,30% white, horned 53% not horned and short small 29% , and the dominant leg color is white 76%. Quantitative trait cow kuantan females include the dominant length is age 18-24 months 96,28 ± 10.70 cm, chest circumference: 20,71 ± 12.52 cm, in the chest: 43,28 ± 0.14 cm, shoulder height: 96,57 ± 7.25 cm and a height of hips: 101,71 ± 9.94 cm and while the average body size of cow kuantan males include the dominant length is aged 6-12 months 87 ± 6.05 cm, chest circumference of 6-12 months ± 16,52 112,75 cm chest, in 12-18 months 41,33 ± 1.53 cm shoulder height, age 18-24 months orders of 4.16 ± 91,67 cm high hip and age 12-18 months of 6.08 ± 101 cm.

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Global Size Pattern in a Group of Important Ecological Indicators (Diptera, Chironomidae) Is Driven by Latitudinal Temperature Gradients

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects13010034 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 34

Author(s):

Viktor Baranov ◽

Jonas Jourdan ◽

Blue Hunter-Moffatt ◽

Sajad Noori ◽

Simon Schölderle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Size ◽

Wing Length ◽

The Body ◽

Phylogenetic Position ◽

Mean Annual Temperature ◽

Geographic Latitude ◽

Biting Midges ◽

Size Of Animals ◽

The Relationship ◽

Size Gradient

Size is one of the most outwardly obvious characteristics of animals, determined by multiple phylogenetic and environmental variables. Numerous hypotheses have been suggested to explain the relationship between the body size of animals and their geographic latitude. Bergmann’s Rule, describing a positive relationship between the body size of endothermic animals and their geographic latitude, is especially well known. Whether or not insects exhibit a similar pattern has long been a subject for debate. We hypothesize that latitudinal size gradients are coupled to temperature variation affecting the metabolic rate of these merolimnic insects. We showcase a strong latitudinal size gradient in non-biting midges (Diptera: Chironomidae), based on the examination of 4309 specimens of these midges from around the world. Although phylogenetic position was a key predictor of wing length, we also found that wing length decreases by 32.4 µm per every 1 °C of mean annual temperature increase. This pattern was found across different taxa and could be detected in 20 of 24 genera studied. We discuss the reasons for this pattern origin and its palaeoecological implications.

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