scholarly journals Comparative Performance of Catalytic Fenton Oxidation with Zero-Valent Iron (Fe(0)) in Comparison with Ferrous Sulphate for the Removal of Micropollutants

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2181
Author(s):  
Anuradha Goswami ◽  
Jia-Qian Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Ferrous Sulphate ◽  
Fenton Oxidation ◽  
Zero Valent Iron ◽  
Fenton Process ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Comparative Performance ◽  
Sludge Production

This research aims to depict the comparative performance of micropollutants’ removal by FeSO4- and zero-valent iron (Fe(0))-catalytic Fenton oxidation and to explore the possibilities of minimising the sludge production from the process. The emerging micropollutants used for the study were gabapentin, sulfamethoxazole, diuron, terbutryn and terbuthylazine. The Taguchi method, which evaluates the signal-to-noise ratio instead of the standard deviation, was used to develop robust experimental conditions. Though both FeSO4- and Fe(0)-catalytic Fenton oxidation were able to completely degrade the stated micropollutants, the Fe(0)-catalytic Fenton process delivered better removal of dissolved organic carbon (DOC; 70%) than FeSO4 catalytic Fenton oxidation (45%). Fe(0)-catalytic Fenton oxidation facilitated heterogeneous treatment functions, which eliminated toxicity from contaminated solution and there was no recognisable sludge production.

scholarly journals Comparing current noise in biological and solid-state nanopores

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Fragasso ◽  
S. Schmid ◽  
C. Dekker
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Single Molecule ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Ionic Current ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
Noise Ratio

AbstractNanopores bear great potential as single-molecule tools for bioanalytical sensing and sequencing, due to their exceptional sensing capabilities, high-throughput, and low cost. The detection principle relies on detecting small differences in the ionic current as biomolecules traverse the nanopore. A major bottleneck for the further progress of this technology is the noise that is present in the ionic current recordings, because it limits the signal-to-noise ratio and thereby the effective time resolution of the experiment. Here, we review the main types of noise at low and high frequencies and discuss the underlying physics. Moreover, we compare biological and solid-state nanopores in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the important figure of merit, by measuring free translocations of a short ssDNA through a selected set of nanopores under typical experimental conditions. We find that SiNx solid-state nanopores provide the highest SNR, due to the large currents at which they can be operated and the relatively low noise at high frequencies. However, the real game-changer for many applications is a controlled slowdown of the translocation speed, which for MspA was shown to increase the SNR >160-fold. Finally, we discuss practical approaches for lowering the noise for optimal experimental performance and further development of the nanopore technology.

Enhanced degradation of paracetamol by UV-C supported photo-Fenton process over Fenton oxidation

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 (12) ◽  
pp. 2433-2438 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Manu ◽  
S. Mahamood
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Cod Removal ◽  
Fenton Oxidation ◽  
Fenton Process ◽  
Objective Functions ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Paracetamol Concentration ◽  
Fenton Oxidation Process ◽  
Uv C

For the treatment of paracetamol in water, the UV-C Fenton oxidation process and classic Fenton oxidation have been found to be the most effective. Paracetamol reduction and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal are measured as the objective functions to be maximized. The experimental conditions of the degradation of paracetamol are optimized by the Fenton process. Influent pH 3, initial H2O2 dosage 60 mg/L, [H2O2]/[Fe2+] ratio 60 : 1 are the optimum conditions observed for 20 mg/L initial paracetamol concentration. At the optimum conditions, for 20 mg/L of initial paracetamol concentration, 82% paracetamol reduction and 68% COD removal by Fenton oxidation, and 91% paracetamol reduction and 82% COD removal by UV-C Fenton process are observed in a 120 min reaction time. By HPLC analysis, 100% removal of paracetamol is observed at the above optimum conditions for the Fenton process in 240 min and for the UV-C photo-Fenton process in 120 min. The methods are effective and they may be used in the paracetamol industry.

scholarly journals S3norm: simultaneous normalization of sequencing depth and signal-to-noise ratio in epigenomic data

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. e43-e43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guanjue Xiang ◽  
Cheryl A Keller ◽  
Belinda Giardine ◽  
Lin An ◽  
Qunhua Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression Regulation ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Biological Variation ◽  
Sequencing Depth ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Data Normalization ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Multiple Cell

Abstract Quantitative comparison of epigenomic data across multiple cell types or experimental conditions is a promising way to understand the biological functions of epigenetic modifications. However, differences in sequencing depth and signal-to-noise ratios in the data from different experiments can hinder our ability to identify real biological variation from raw epigenomic data. Proper normalization is required prior to data analysis to gain meaningful insights. Most existing methods for data normalization standardize signals by rescaling either background regions or peak regions, assuming that the same scale factor is applicable to both background and peak regions. While such methods adjust for differences in sequencing depths, they do not address differences in the signal-to-noise ratios across different experiments. We developed a new data normalization method, called S3norm, that normalizes the sequencing depths and signal-to-noise ratios across different data sets simultaneously by a monotonic nonlinear transformation. We show empirically that the epigenomic data normalized by our method, compared to existing methods, can better capture real biological variation, such as impact on gene expression regulation.

scholarly journals The effect of tonsillectomy on voice quality

2020 ◽  
Vol 148 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 560-564
Author(s):  
Sanja Djokovic ◽  
Vladan Plecevic ◽  
Tamara Kovacevic ◽  
Sinisa Solaja ◽  
Bojana Vukovic
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Voice Quality ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Adenoid Tissue ◽  
Patient Voice ◽  
Noise Ratio ◽  
The Voice

Introduction/Objective. Tonsillitis is a very common condition found in the pediatric population but also in adult patients. One of the consequences of such conditions is poor voice quality. Hoarseness, poor voice impostation, interruption, and hypernazalization are just some of the differences in patient voice quality. The objective of this paper was to examine the effects of tonsillectomy on the voice quality. Methods. The sample included 37 patients, 17 female and 20 male, ranging in age 3?39 years. The method involved recording patients one month before and one month after tonsillectomy with a digital sound recorder, with recordings analyzed in the Praat program. The variables monitored in the basic voice were as follows: voice pitch, standard deviation of voice, degree of voice interruption, jitter, shimmer, and signal-to-noise ratio. In the statistical analysis, in addition to standard descriptive analyzes, t-test and ACNOVA were also used. Results. The results showed that there are effects of tonsillectomy on standard deviation of baseline voice (p = 0.002), shimmer (p = 0.002), baseline voice interruption rate (p = 0.023), signal to noise ratio (p = 0.003). There were no differences in the effects of tonsillectomy with respect to the sex of the subjects. Conclusion. Based on the conducted research, there were some methodological conclusions that could be considered as a recommendation for future research: increase the number of persons in the sample, introduce a variable of chronological age, type of surgical intervention, and gradation of size of the tonsil and adenoid tissue.

A detector with high detection efficiency in 4- and 5-photon-positronium annihilations

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (11) ◽  
pp. 1287-1295
Author(s):  
M Chiba ◽  
J Nakagawa ◽  
H Tsugawa ◽  
R Ogata ◽  
T Nishimura
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Quantum Electrodynamic ◽  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Front Face ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Statistical Effect ◽  
High Detection ◽  
High Detection Efficiency ◽  
Photon Annihilation

We first measured 4- and 5-photon annihilations in positronium using a multiphoton spectrometer (UNI), which consists of 32 NaI(Tl) scintillators with lead shields, each being located on a surface of an icosidodecahedron. The front face of each scintillator is placed at a distance of L = 262 mm from the center of the UNI. With this setup, the detection efficiency of 4- and 5-photon-annihilation processes are too small to get a sufficient number of events to analyze the physics. To obtain a larger detection efficiency, we must set the NaI(Tl) scintillators closer to the target. The original principle in designing the UNI was to suppress backgrounds (BG) and make them as low as possible allowing modest efficiencies for 4- and 5-photon-annihilation events, i.e., to get the highest signal-to-noise ratio (S/N). The new concept is to get the highest S/σ where σ is an error of one standard deviation of the signal including BG effects. A higher S/σ means a larger number of events with smaller BG taking into account a statistical effect. The detection efficiencies with BG effects are studied with respect to L using a detector simulator based on the EGS4 code in which 2- to 5-photon-annihilation events are generated by quantum-electrodynamic processes based on GRACE and BASES/SPRING codes. As a result, the detection efficiency and S/σ of 5-photon annihilations at L = 136 mm are 529 and 17 times larger than those at L = 262 mm, respectively. PACS Nos.: 36.10Dr, 12.20Fv, 13.10+q

OPTIMIZATION OF PROCESS PARAMETERS IN ND: YAG LASER WELDING OF HASTELLOY SHEETS THROUGH TAGUCHI METHOD

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saravanan S
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Statistical Software ◽  
Yag Laser ◽  
Weld Width ◽  
Optimization Of Process Parameters

Optimization of weld width and tensile strength in pulsed Nd: YAG laser welded Hastelloy C-276 sheets, subjected to varied welding speed (350-450 mm/min), pulse energy (10-14 J) and pulse duration (6-8 ms), is attempted. Experimental conditions are designed based on Taguchi L9 orthogonal array. The parameters for attaining a minimum weld width and maximum tensile strength were determined by computing the Signal-to-Noise ratio. Further, a mathematical model is developed for determining the weld width and tensile strength of the weld, based on the regression analysis using statistical software MINITAB-16 and the level of fit are determined by analysis of variance.

Transfer of heat, fresh water and nutrients through the seasonal thermocline

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Pingree ◽  
Linda Pennycuick
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Annual Variation ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Turbulent Transport ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Seasonal Thermocline ◽  
Annual Range ◽  
Noise Ratio

This paper estimates the turbulent transport of heat, fresh water and nutrients through the seasonal thermocline. In order to obtain a representative estimate of the annual variation it is necessary to average data obtained at a single position over a number of years. The number of years of sampling required depends on the particular parameter being studied. This can be seen by comparing the annual variation with the standard deviation, σ, for a specific month. This is analogous to the signal to noise ratio. For example, the annual range of temperature (or signal) is about 8°C for the water of the western English Channel. The variability of temperature in the same area (or noise) is about o.6°C. This figure is the standard deviation for the temperature obtained in a specific month at a fixed depth when data from a large number of different years are available. This variability can be attributed to a number of causes, to list a few; horizontal patchiness, local weather, advection, long term climatic changes. Hence for temperature the signal to noise ratio is about 13 and the annual pattern of events will clearly be established on the basis of monthly values obtained at a position during a single year.

scholarly journals Perception of Consonants in Reverberation and Noise by Adults Fitted With Bimodal Devices

2014 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 1512-1520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Mason ◽  
Kostas Kokkinakis
Keyword(s):  
Cochlear Implant ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Place Of Articulation ◽  
Considerable Benefit ◽  
Manner Of Articulation

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the contribution of a contralateral hearing aid to the perception of consonants, in terms of voicing, manner, and place-of-articulation cues in reverberation and noise by adult cochlear implantees aided by bimodal fittings. Method Eight postlingually deafened adult cochlear implant (CI) listeners with a fully inserted CI in 1 ear and low-frequency hearing in the other ear were tested on consonant perception. They were presented with consonant stimuli processed in the following experimental conditions: 1 quiet condition, 2 different reverberation times (0.3 s and 1.0 s), and the combination of 2 reverberation times with a single signal-to-noise ratio (5 dB). Results Consonant perception improved significantly when listening in combination with a contralateral hearing aid as opposed to listening with a CI alone in 0.3 s and 1.0 s of reverberation. Significantly higher scores were also noted when noise was added to 0.3 s of reverberation. Conclusions A considerable benefit was noted from the additional acoustic information in conditions of reverberation and reverberation plus noise. The bimodal benefit observed was more pronounced for voicing and manner of articulation than for place of articulation.

scholarly journals Li abundances for solar twins in the open cluster M67

2019 ◽  
Vol 492 (1) ◽  
pp. 245-249
Author(s):  
Marília Carlos ◽  
Jorge Meléndez ◽  
José-Dias do Nascimento ◽  
Matthieu Castro
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Previous Analysis ◽  
Spectral Synthesis ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Open Cluster ◽  
Stellar Structure ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Good Signal

ABSTRACT We determine lithium (Li) abundances for solar twins in the M67 open cluster to add valuable information about the correlation between Li depletion and stellar age and, then, better understand stellar structure and evolution. We use high resolution and good signal-to-noise ratio spectra to characterize Li depletion in three solar twins from M67, using spectral synthesis in the region of the asymmetric 6707.75 Å Li i feature. The mean Li abundance value of A(Li) = 1.6 ± 0.2 dex for our sample of M67 solar twins (our three stars plus a fourth solar twin from a previous analysis in the literature) presents Li abundance expected for its age. Also, the scatter estimated from the standard deviation of the Li abundances in this work is similar to the typical scatter found in a sample of field solar twins presented in the literature.

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