scholarly journals Synagogue Architecture of Latvia between Archeology and Eschatology

Arts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey R. Kravtsov
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
New World ◽  
Baltic State ◽  
Jewish Hospital ◽  
American Jewish ◽  
Land Of Israel

Synagogue architecture during the second half of the nineteenth century and the early part of the twentieth century was seeking novel modes of expression, and therefore the remains of ancient synagogues that were being discovered by western archeologists within the borders of the Biblical Land of Israel became a new source of inspiration. As far away as the New World, the design of contemporary synagogues was influenced by discoveries such as by the American Jewish architect, Arnold W. Brunner, who referenced the Baram Synagogue in the Galilee in his Henry S. Frank Memorial Synagogue at the Jewish Hospital in Philadelphia (1901). Less known is the fact that the archaeological discoveries in the Middle East also influenced the design of synagogues in the interwar period, in the newly-independent Baltic state of Latvia. Local architects picked up information about these archaeological finds from professional and popular editions published in German and Russian. Good examples are two synagogues along the Riga seaside, in Majori and Bulduri, and another in the inland town of Bauska. As was the case in America, the archaeological references in these Latvian examples were infused with eschatological meaning.

“To Build a New World”: Black American Internationalism and Palestine Solidarity

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 52-68
Author(s):  
Russell Rickford
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
African American ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Middle East ◽  
New World ◽  
Black American ◽  
The Political ◽  
Freedom Struggle ◽  
Pan Africanism ◽  
Political Imaginary

This essay traces the arc of Black American solidarity with Palestine, placing the phenomenon in the context of twentieth-century African American internationalism. It sketches the evolution of the political imaginary that enabled Black activists to depict African Americans and Palestinians as compatriots within global communities of dissent. For more than half a century, Black internationalists identified with Zionism, believing that the Jewish bid for a national homeland paralleled the African American freedom struggle. During the 1950s and 1960s, however, colonial aggression in the Middle East led many African American progressives to rethink the analogy. In the late 1960s and the 1970s, African American dissidents operating within the nexus of Black nationalism, Pan-Africanism, and Third Worldism constructed powerful theories of Afro-Palestinian kinship. In so doing, they reimagined or transcended bonds of color, positing anti-imperialist struggle, rather than racial affinity, as the precondition of camaraderie.

African Nationalism in South Africa: Origins and Problems

1970 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donovan Williams
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Port Elizabeth ◽  
Significant Area ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
African Nationalism

Many of the characteristic strains of African Nationalism in South Africa, as were manifest during its peak in the 1950s, may be traced back to the historical situation on the Eastern Frontier of the Cape Colony in the early nineteenth century. In the twentieth century, the Port Elizabeth–East London–Alice triangle remained a highly significant area for nationalist ideas and action, and this derived from the effects on the Xhosa of the Black–White confrontation which began here 150 years earlier. In the early part of the nineteenth century the fundamental competition for land and cattle led to White military and missionary actions which, coupled with the preaching of Christianity, promoted attitudes among the Xhosa which may be seen in all subsequent African Nationalism.

Pre-Understanding and New Testament Interpretation

1975 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Turner
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
New Testament ◽  
Recent Discussion ◽  
Theological Hermeneutics ◽  
Self Reflection ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Work Done

Almost all recent discussion in theological hermeneutics has been so abstract that it has had little relevance for the more practical task of the interpretation of biblical texts. This has largely been caused by the prominence in this discussion of proponents of ‘The New Hermeneutic’ who have had a predominantly existential interest in understanding the New Testament, but who represent only one of several alternatives in theological hermeneutics. Moreover, their exegesis has often been unreliable, to put it mildly.1 The chief deficiency of the New Hermeneutic is that it is concerned with the existential situation of the believing Christian, but hardly at all with the understanding and interpretation of texts. It is certainly true that theological hermeneutics can no longer provide a set of rules or principles for the extraction of the correct meaning from the text as was attempted in the nineteenth century and the early part of the twentieth century, but hermeneutics can still analyse the process and structure of understanding which takes place in New Testament exegesis and can encourage self-reflection and self-criticism on the part of exegetes themselves. The task which now deserves attention, and which has for so long been neglected, is to relate the work done on the problem of hermeneutics by dogmatic theologians to the specific projects of interpretation carried out by New Testament exegetes. In this article I shall try to do just that by focusing attention on one particular problem.

scholarly journals Islamic Puritanism Movements in Indonesia as Transnational Movements

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benny Baskara
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Transnational Movements ◽  
West Sumatra ◽  
Transnational Connections ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Islamic Organizations

Islamic puritanism movements are the movements compelling to return to the teachings of Quran and Sunnah, as the pure teachings of Islam and abandon even abolish other teachings outside the teachings of Quran and Sunnah. The movements of Islamic puritanism can be considered as transnational movements because they spread their teachings and ideologies, create organizations, networks, and provide financial supports across nations. This paper describes Islamic puritanism movements in Indonesia and their transnational connections. Some Islamic puritanism movements in Indonesia can be considered as part of Islamic transnational movements, in which most of the movements are centered in the Middle East. In Indonesia, Islamic puritanism movements firstly appeared in the beginning of the nineteenth century, called Padri movement in West Sumatra. It was then continued to the emergence of Islamic organizations in the twentieth century. Recently, Islamic puritanism movements in Indonesia mostly take form as Salafism-Wahabism movements.    Keywords:Islamic puritanism movement, transnational movement, and ideology        

Reformed Theology in North America

2020 ◽  
pp. 153-170
Author(s):  
Paul Lim ◽  
Drew Martin
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
New World ◽  
National Identities ◽  
Reformed Theology ◽  
Contemporary Life ◽  
Immigration And Settlement ◽  
Christian Thought ◽  
European Immigration

The development of Reformed theology in North America is inextricably linked with the story of European immigration and settlement of the New World. Just as diverse geographic and political circumstances crucially shaped a variegated network of Reformed churches in Europe, the immigration of key groups and figures from this network brought a similar diversity of Reformed Christian thought and practice to the New World. These interrelated traditions then developed in the context of colonial settlements and ultimately hand and hand with the formation and development of national identities. In America, the experience and consequences of the Civil War and its aftermath fundamentally formed the institutional entities and cultural realities in which the Reformed tradition developed in the nineteenth century, and also set the trajectory for its shaping influences in the twentieth century, and in contemporary life as well. This background provides a key hermeneutical lens through which to see the theological conflicts between Reformed Christians who identified closely with the classical Protestant past and those who desired to drive the tradition in a direction more consistent with what they took to be its inevitable modern future. Reformed theology in North America today is thus the product of the planting of various Reformed roots in colonial soil in the midst of the transition to modernity.

Irish Crime Fiction

2020 ◽  
pp. 351-369
Author(s):  
Ian Campbell Ross
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Oscar Wilde ◽  
Crime Fiction ◽  
Irish Language ◽  
Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu ◽  
History Of

This chapter surveys the history of Irish crime fiction, a genre whose contemporary popularity tends to obscure its origins in the works of nineteenth-century writers including Gerald Griffin, Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu, Oscar Wilde, and L. T. Meade. The discussion highlights some of the most significant works that lie along the broad spectrum of writing that ‘crime fiction’ occupies and, in so doing, reveals the plurality of ‘Irish’ crime fiction over the course of 180 years. Among the topics covered are the features that distinguish nineteenth-century Irish crime writing from its British counterpart; the emergence of Irish-language crime fiction in the early part of the twentieth century, and the defining features of contemporary Irish crime fiction, which has flourished domestically and internationally since the 1990s.

Mapping the ‘Sports Nahda’

2019 ◽  
pp. 11-40
Author(s):  
Murat C. Yıldız
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Sports Clubs ◽  
Sports Club ◽  
Late Nineteenth

This chapter traces the formation of a “sports awakening” in the Middle East during the late nineteenth century until the interwar period. This sports awakening consisted of government and private schools, fashionable sports clubs, a bustling multilingual sports press, and popular football matches and gymnastics exhibitions. The institutional and discursive trajectory of sports was not confined to a specific nation state; rather, it was a regional phenomenon. Educators, sports club administrators, students, club members, editors, columnists, and government officials helped turn sports into a regular fixture of the urban landscape of cities across the Middle East. These developments reveal the profound intellectual and ethnoreligious diversity of the individuals and institutions that shaped the defining contours of sports throughout the Middle East.

The Growth of the Law

2019 ◽  
pp. 661-702
Author(s):  
Lawrence M. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
First Nations ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Tort Law ◽  
American Law ◽  
The Law ◽  
Welfare Workers

This chapter discusses changes in American law in the twentieth century, covering welfare, workers’ compensation, tort law, civil rights, First Nations, Asian Americans, Hispanics, freedom of speech, and religion. One of the most striking developments in the twentieth century was the so-called liability explosion: the vast increase in liability in tort, mostly for personal injuries. The nineteenth century—particularly the early part—had built up the law of torts, almost from nothing; courts created a huge, complicated structure, a system with many rooms, chambers, corridors, but with an overall ethos of limited liability, and something of a tilt toward enterprise. The structure was wobbling a bit, by the end of the nineteenth century, and the twentieth century worked fairly diligently to tear the whole thing down. One of the first doctrines to go was the fellow-servant rule.

Portrait of a Nineteenth-Century Iranian Statesman: The Life and Times of Grand Vizier Amīn Ud-Dawlah, 1844–1904

1983 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-351
Author(s):  
Hafez Farmayan
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
British Government ◽  
The South ◽  
Professional Career ◽  
To Come ◽  
Temporary Control

In 1898, with Great Britain and Russia vying for political and economic dominance of Iran, Grand Vizier Mīrzā Alī Khān Amīn ud-Dawlah set in motion a cycle of events that, during the early part of the twentieth century, led to the downfall of the Qājārs, a dynasty he had spent his entire professional career serving. What initiated this cycle was the negotiation for a loan from Great Britain, sought partially for governmental expenses but mostly to finance a trip by the Shah to Europe. To obtain this loan, Amīn ud-Dawlah mortgaged the revenues of Iran's two most important customs houses in the south (Bushehr and Kermanshah), and also allowed those two departments to come under the control and administration of the British-owned Imperial Bank of Persia. In return for these astonishing concessions, the Bank advanced £50,000 to Grand Vizier Amin ud-Dawlah for emergency expenditures. The remainder, a mere £200,000, was to be paid upon completion of negotiations with the British Government. British bankers and diplomats in Tehran, aware of the sensitivity of the Grand Vizier's extraordinary decision, urged London to complete the negotiations as soon as possible. In the view of British representatives in Tehran this was imperative if temporary control of the customs houses was to become “a permanent institution.” However, negotiations dragged on long enough to give Russia and the Grand Vizier's rivals a chance to successfully frustrate the negotiations. Failure to obtain this British loan forced Grand Vizier Amīn ud-Dawlah to resign.

scholarly journals Краткий экскурс в раннюю историю изучения паремии как объекта этнолингвистики

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Анжелика Штейнгольд
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Cultural Anthropology ◽  
Early History ◽  
Short Overview ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
History Of

Как хорошо известно, пословицы и поговорки (в более общем смысле т. наз. паремии) являются не только художественными миниатюрами — анонимными произведениями устного народного творчества, употребление которых в речи диктуется потребностью в точности и выразительности, но также неписаным сводом этических норм и правил. Их назидательность и дидактичность во многом предопределяет существование особой “паремической” логики, на языковом уровне выражающейся в присущей пословицам и поговоркам специфической синтаксической оформленности. На поверхности лежит их семантическая многлоплановость, о чем в свое время писали А. Дандис [1978], А. Крикманн [1978; 1984], Ю.И. Левин [1984], Г.Л. Пермяков [1988] и др....Anzhelika ShteingoldOn the Early History of Proverb Studies (Proverb as an Object of Ethnolinguistics)It is often not clear what exactly is meant by certain words and constructions in a proverb, even though its actual (metaphorical) sense is understood. The origins of some historical proverbs might be grasped only by employing the data of cultural anthropology. In the present article a short overview of early proverb studies in Russia is given. In the nineteenth century and in the early part of the twentieth century there were many scholars in Russia who dealt with proverbs. For instance, I. Snegiryov, V. Dahl, F. Buslaev, A. Afanasyev, A. Potebnya, S. Maksimov. During the 1930’s this tradition was continued in the scientific papers of the academician J. Sokolov. Despite their methods of proverb studies not being contemporary, these researchers gave examples of etymology that would later receive support and approval from the scholars of our time.Keywords: Russian proverbs, ethnolinguistics, etymology, history of proverb studies.

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