scholarly journals Four- and Five-Carbon Dicarboxylic Acids Present in Secondary Organic Aerosol Produced from Anthropogenic and Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1703
Author(s):  
Kei Sato ◽  
Fumikazu Ikemori ◽  
Sathiyamurthi Ramasamy ◽  
Akihiro Fushimi ◽  
Kimiyo Kumagai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Succinic Acid ◽  
Tartaric Acid ◽  
Fumaric Acid ◽  
Malic Acid ◽  
Maleic Acid ◽  
Secondary Organic Aerosol ◽  
Dicarboxylic Acids ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Reaction Products

To better understand precursors of dicarboxylic acids in ambient secondary organic aerosol (SOA), we studied C4–C9 dicarboxylic acids present in SOA formed from the oxidation of toluene, naphthalene, α-pinene, and isoprene. C4–C9 dicarboxylic acids present in SOA were analyzed by offline derivatization gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. We revealed that C4 dicarboxylic acids including succinic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, DL-tartaric acid, and meso-tartaric acid are produced by the photooxidation of toluene. Since meso-tartaric acid barely occurs in nature, it is a potential aerosol tracer of photochemical reaction products. In SOA particles from toluene, we also detected a compound and its isomer with similar mass spectra to methyltartaric acid standard; the compound and the isomer are tentatively identified as 2,3-dihydroxypentanedioic acid isomers. The ratio of detected C4–C5 dicarboxylic acids to total toluene SOA mass had no significant dependence on the initial VOC/NOx condition. Trace levels of maleic acid and fumaric acid were detected during the photooxidation of naphthalene. Malic acid was produced from the oxidation of α-pinene and isoprene. A trace amount of succinic acid was detected in the SOA produced from the oxidation of isoprene.

scholarly journals Preparation of polyaniline nanostructures doped with different dicarboxylic acids through template-free method

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-422
Author(s):  
Chuanyu Sun ◽  
Yu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Dicarboxylic Acid ◽  
Succinic Acid ◽  
Tartaric Acid ◽  
Fumaric Acid ◽  
Maleic Acid ◽  
Dicarboxylic Acids ◽  
Template Free ◽  
Acid Dopants

AbstractIn this article nanoscaled polyanilines (PANI) were prepared based on template-free method in the presence of dicarboxylic acid dopants (e.g. D-tartaric acid, succinic acid, maleic acid and fumaric acid). The trans-cis isomerization of butenedioic acid played an important role in the formation of nanostructures from the plane-like to nanofibers, and the PANI doped with maleic acid (MA) had larger diameter, higher crystallinity and conductivity than PANI doped with fumaric acid (FA).

Nanoscaled Polyaniline Doped with Different Dicarboxylic Acids Based On Template-Free Method

2011 ◽  
Vol 239-242 ◽  
pp. 219-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shao Jin Jia ◽  
Zhen Liu ◽  
Ping Kai Jiang ◽  
Jian Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Succinic Acid ◽  
Tartaric Acid ◽  
Fumaric Acid ◽  
Maleic Acid ◽  
Dicarboxylic Acids ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Template Free

With an average diameter of 148-285 nm and a conductivity of 2.38E-2- 5.88 E-2S/cm, Nanoscaled polyaniline (PANI) were synthesized based on template-free method in the presence of dicarboxylic acids dopants (e.g., D-tartaric acid, Succinic acid, maleic acid and fumaric acid). Furthermore, the trans-cis isomerization of butenedioic acid plays an important role in the formation of nanostructures from plane-like to nanofibers, and PANI-MA has larger diameter, higher crystallinity and conductivity than PANI-FA.

Simultaneous Gas Chromatographic Determination of Carboxylic Acids in Soft Drinks and Jams

1985 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 902-905
Author(s):  
Taizo Tsuda ◽  
Hiroshi Nakanishi ◽  
Takashi Morita ◽  
Junko Takebayashi
Keyword(s):  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Succinic Acid ◽  
Tartaric Acid ◽  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Fumaric Acid ◽  
Malic Acid ◽  
Sorbic Acid ◽  
Chromatographic Determination ◽  
Dehydroacetic Acid

Abstract A method was developed for simultaneous gas chromatographic determination of sorbic acid, dehydroacetic acid, and benzoic acid used as preservatives, and succinic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, and tartaric acid used as acidulants in soft drinks and jams. A sample was dissolved in NH4OH-NH4CI pH 9 buffer solution, and an aliquot of the solution was passed through a QAE-Sephadex A 25 column. The column was washed with water, and the carboxylic acids were eluted with 0.1N HC1. Sorbic acid, dehydroacetic acid, and benzoic acid were extracted with ethyl ether-petroleum ether (1 + 1), and determined on a 5% DEGS + 1% H3PO4 column. Succinic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, and tartaric acid in the lower layer were derivatized with N,0- bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide and trimethylchlorosilane, and determined on a 3% SE-30 column. Recoveries from soft drink and jam samples fortified with 0.1% each of 7 carboxylic acids ranged from 92.4 to 102.6% for preservatives, and from 88.1 to 103.2% for acidulants.

Secondary organic aerosol tracers and malic acid in Hong Kong: seasonal trends and origins

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Di Hu ◽  
Jian Zhen Yu
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Succinic Acid ◽  
Malic Acid ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Ion Trap ◽  
Secondary Organic Aerosol ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Seasonal Trends

Environmental context Secondary organic aerosols (SOAs), a major organic component of ambient fine particles, contribute to adverse health effects and visibility degradation. Quantification of SOA tracers allows estimation of contributions from specific precursors, which helps the formulation of effective control strategies. We found that malic acid was present in SOA at high abundance in both winter and summer; its seasonally distinct inter-species relationships offer insights into distinct SOA formation pathways. Abstract Fine particle samples collected at an urban location in Hong Kong during winter were analysed by gas chromatography–ion trap mass spectrometry with prior chemical derivatisation. In total, 15 secondary organic aerosol (SOA) tracers from isoprene, monoterpenes, β-caryophyllene and toluene, and 24 other polar oxygenated compounds, were identified and quantified. Monoterpenes and isoprene SOA tracers showed lower levels on winter long-range transport (LRT) days than summer regional days, the latter being reported in our previous study. Opposite seasonal trends were observed for SOA tracers of β-caryophyllene and toluene. The averaged total secondary organic carbon (SOC) apportioned to these four volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was estimated to be 4.73μgCm–3 on winter LRT days, lower than that on summer regional days (5.21μgCm–3). β-caryophyllene and monoterpenes were found to be the most significant SOC contributors to PM2.5 in Hong Kong in both winter and summer, and their averaged SOC contributions on winter LRT days were 2.24 and 1.59μgCm–3. Toluene and isoprene had relatively minor contributions to SOC in Hong Kong in both seasons, with averaged SOC contributions of 0.81 and 0.08μgCm–3 on winter LRT days. Malic acid was well correlated with biogenic SOA tracers and oxalate in both seasons, whereas correlation between malic and succinic acid was only found in winter. Based on the seasonal characteristic inter-species correlations in the region, we hypothesise that malic acid could be formed mainly by the aqueous-phase photodegradation of SOA products of biogenic VOCs during summer. In winter, emissions of biogenic VOCs are greatly reduced and succinic acid then becomes the predominant contributor to malic acid.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Anthropogenic Secondary Organic Aerosol Tracers

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim M. Al-Naiema ◽  
Elizabeth A. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Phthalic Acid ◽  
Secondary Organic Aerosol ◽  
Dicarboxylic Acids ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Particle Phase ◽  
Water Sensitivity ◽  
Nitrobenzyl Alcohol ◽  
Ambient Concentrations ◽  
Highly Correlated

Abstract. Products of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from aromatic volatile organic compounds (VOC) – 2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid, dicarboxylic acids, nitromonoaromatics, and furandiones – were evaluated for their potential to serve as anthropogenic SOA tracers with respect to their 1) ambient concentrations and detectability in PM2.5 in Iowa City, IA, USA, 2) gas-particle partitioning behaviour, and 3) source specificity by way of correlations with primary and secondary source tracers and literature review. A widely used tracer for toluene-derived SOA, 2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid was only detected in the particle phase (Fp = 1) at low, but consistently measureable ambient concentrations (averaging 0.3 ng m−3). Four aromatic dicarboxylic acids were detected at relatively higher concentrations (9.1–34.5 ng m−3), of which phthalic acid was the most abundant. Phthalic acid had a low particle-phase fraction (Fp = 0.26) likely due to quantitation interferences from phthalic anhydride, while 4-methylphthalic acid was predominantly in the particle phase (Fp = 0.82). Phthalic acid and 4-methyl phthalic acid were both highly correlated with 2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid (rs = 0.73, p = 0.003; rs = 0.80, p < 0.001, respectively), suggesting that they were derived from aromatic VOC. Isophthalic and terephthalic acids, however, were detected only in the particle phase (Fp = 1) and correlations suggested association with primary emission sources. Nitromonoaromatics were dominated by particle-phase concentrations of 4-nitrocatechol (1.6 ng m−3) and 4-methyl-5-nitrocatechol (1.6 ng m−3) that were associated with biomass burning. Meanwhile, 4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzyl alcohol was detected in a lower concentration (0.06 ng m−3) in the particle phase only (Fp = 1), and is known as a product of toluene photooxidation. Furandiones in the atmosphere have only been attributed to the photooxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons, however the substantial partitioning toward the gas phase (Fp ≤ 0.16) and their water sensitivity limit their application as tracers. The outcome of this study is the demonstration that 2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid, phthalic acid, 4-methylphthalic acid, and 4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzyl alcohol are good candidates for tracing SOA from aromatic VOC.

scholarly journals Tracer-based source apportioning of atmospheric organic carbon and the influence of anthropogenic emissions on secondary organic aerosol formation in Hong Kong

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (13) ◽  
pp. 10589-10608
Author(s):  
Yubo Cheng ◽  
Yiqiu Ma ◽  
Di Hu
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Secondary Organic Aerosol ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Aerosol Formation

Abstract. Here we conducted comprehensive chemical characterization and source apportionment of 49 PM2.5 samples collected in Hong Kong. Besides the major aerosol constituents, 39 polar organic species, including 14 secondary organic aerosol (SOA) tracers of isoprene, monoterpenes, β-caryophyllene, and naphthalene, were quantified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Six factors, i.e., SOA, secondary sulfate (SS), biomass burning (BB)/SOA, sea salt, marine vessels, and vehicle emissions, were apportioned by positive matrix factorization (PMF) as the major sources of ambient organic carbon (OC) in Hong Kong. The secondary formation, including OC from SOA, SS, and aging of BB plume, was the leading contributor to OC (51.4 %, 2.15 ± 1.37 µg C m−3) throughout the year. We then applied a tracer-based method (TBM) to estimate the SOA formation from the photo-oxidation of four selected precursors, and monoterpene SOA was the most abundant. A Kintecus kinetic model was used to examine the formation channels of isoprene SOA, and the aerosol-phase ring-opening reaction of isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOXs) was found to be the dominant formation pathway. Consistently, IEPOX tracers contributed 94 % to total GC–MS-quantified isoprene SOA tracers. The TBM-estimated secondary organic carbon (SOCTBM) and PMF-apportioned SOC (SOCPMF) showed similar temporal trends; however, SOCTBM only accounted for 26.5 % of SOCPMF, indicating a large fraction of ambient SOA was from other reaction pathways or precursors. Results of Pearson's R and multivariate linear regression analysis showed that NOx processing played a key role in both daytime and nighttime SOA production in the region. Moreover, sulfate had a significant positive linear relationship with SOCPMF and SS-related SOC, and particle acidity was significantly correlated with SOC from the aging of BB.

scholarly journals Volatility and lifetime against OH heterogeneous reaction of ambient Isoprene Epoxydiols-Derived Secondary Organic Aerosol (IEPOX-SOA)

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiwei Hu ◽  
Brett B. Palm ◽  
Douglas A. Day ◽  
Pedro Campuzano-Jost ◽  
Jordan E. Krechmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Reactor ◽  
Secondary Organic Aerosol ◽  
Heterogeneous Reaction ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Amazon Forest ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Forested Areas ◽  
Humidity Dependence

Abstract. Isoprene epoxydiols-derived secondary organic aerosol (IEPOX-SOA) can contribute substantially to organic aerosol (OA) concentrations in forested areas under low NO conditions, hence significantly influencing the regional and global OA budgets, accounting for example for 16–36 % of the submicron OA in the SE US summer. Particle evaporation measurements from a thermodenuder show that the volatility of ambient IEPOX-SOA is lower than that of bulk OA and also much lower than that of known monomer IEPOX-SOA tracer species, indicating that IEPOX-SOA likely exists mostly as oligomers in the aerosol phase. The OH aging process of ambient IEPOX-SOA was investigated with an oxidation flow reactor (OFR). New IEPOX-SOA formation in the reactor was negligible, as the OFR cannot accelerate processes such as aerosol uptake and reactions that do not scale with OH. Simulation results indicate that adding ~ 100 µg m−3 of pure H2SO4 to the ambient air allows to efficiently form IEPOX-SOA in the reactor. The heterogeneous reaction rate coefficient of ambient IEPOX-SOA with OH radical (kOH) was estimated as 4.0 ± 2.0 × 10−13 cm3 molec−1 s−1, which is equivalent to more than a 2-week lifetime. A similar kOH was found for measurements of OH oxidation of ambient Amazon forest air in an OFR. At higher OH exposures in the reactor (> 1 × 1012 molec. cm−3 s), the mass loss of IEPOX-SOA due to heterogeneous reaction was mainly due to revolatilization of fragmented reaction products. We report for the first time OH reactive uptake coefficients (γOH = 0.59 ± 0.33 in SE US and γOH = 0.68 ± 0.38 in Amazon) for SOA under ambient conditions. A relative humidity dependence of kOH and γOH was observed, consistent with surface area-limited OH uptake. No decrease of kOH was observed as OH concentrations increased. These observation of physicochemical properties of IEPOX-SOA can help to constrain OA impact on air quality and climate.

scholarly journals Evaluation of anthropogenic secondary organic aerosol tracers from aromatic hydrocarbons

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 2053-2065 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim M. Al-Naiema ◽  
Elizabeth A. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Phthalic Acid ◽  
Secondary Organic Aerosol ◽  
Dicarboxylic Acids ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Particle Phase ◽  
Water Sensitivity ◽  
Nitrobenzyl Alcohol ◽  
Ambient Concentrations

Abstract. Products of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from aromatic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) – 2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid, dicarboxylic acids, nitromonoaromatics, and furandiones – were evaluated for their potential to serve as anthropogenic SOA tracers with respect to their (1) ambient concentrations and detectability in PM2.5 in Iowa City, IA, USA; (2) gas–particle partitioning behaviour; and (3) source specificity by way of correlations with primary and secondary source tracers and literature review. A widely used tracer for toluene-derived SOA, 2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid was only detected in the particle phase (Fp = 1) at low but consistently measurable ambient concentrations (averaging 0.3 ng m−3). Four aromatic dicarboxylic acids were detected at relatively higher concentrations (9.1–34.5 ng m−3), of which phthalic acid was the most abundant. Phthalic acid had a low particle-phase fraction (Fp =  0.26) likely due to quantitation interferences from phthalic anhydride, while 4-methylphthalic acid was predominantly in the particle phase (Fp = 0.82). Phthalic acid and 4-methylphthalic acid were both highly correlated with 2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid (rs = 0.73, p = 0.003; rs = 0.80, p < 0.001, respectively), suggesting that they were derived from aromatic VOCs. Isophthalic and terephthalic acids, however, were detected only in the particle phase (Fp = 1), and correlations suggested association with primary emission sources. Nitromonoaromatics were dominated by particle-phase concentrations of 4-nitrocatechol (1.6 ng m−3) and 4-methyl-5-nitrocatechol (1.6 ng m−3) that were associated with biomass burning. Meanwhile, 4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzyl alcohol was detected in a lower concentration (0.06 ng m−3) in the particle phase only (Fp = 1) and is known as a product of toluene photooxidation. Furandiones in the atmosphere have only been attributed to the photooxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons; however the substantial partitioning toward the gas phase (Fp  ≤  0.16) and their water sensitivity limit their application as tracers. The outcome of this study is the demonstration that 2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid, phthalic acid, 4-methylphthalic acid, and 4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzyl alcohol are good candidates for tracing SOA from aromatic VOCs.

scholarly journals Application of the Statistical Oxidation Model (SOM) to Secondary Organic Aerosol formation from photooxidation of C<sub>12</sub> alkanes

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1591-1606 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. Cappa ◽  
X. Zhang ◽  
C. L. Loza ◽  
J. S. Craven ◽  
L. D. Yee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Formation Process ◽  
Secondary Organic Aerosol ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Atomic Ratio ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Oxidation Model ◽  
Mechanism Of Oxidation

Abstract. Laboratory chamber experiments are the main source of data on the mechanism of oxidation and the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) forming potential of volatile organic compounds. Traditional methods of representing the SOA formation potential of an organic do not fully capture the dynamic, multi-generational nature of the SOA formation process. We apply the Statistical Oxidation Model (SOM) of Cappa and Wilson (2012) to model the formation of SOA from the formation of the four C12 alkanes, dodecane, 2-methyl undecane, cyclododecane and hexylcyclohexane, under both high- and low-NOx conditions, based upon data from the Caltech chambers. In the SOM, the evolution of reaction products is defined by the number of carbon (NC) and oxygen (NO) atoms, and the model parameters are (1) the number of oxygen atoms added per reaction, (2) the decrease in volatility upon addition of an oxygen atom and (3) the probability that a given reaction leads to fragmentation of the molecules. Optimal fitting of the model to chamber data is carried out using the measured SOA mass concentration and the aerosol O:C atomic ratio. The use of the kinetic, multi-generational SOM is shown to provide insights into the SOA formation process and to offer promise for application to the extensive library of existing SOA chamber experiments that is available.

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