scholarly journals Emission Determination by Three Remote Sensing Methods in Two Release Trials

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Imke Elpelt-Wessel ◽  
Martin Reiser ◽  
Daniel Morrison ◽  
Martin Kranert
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Linear Measurement ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Tunable Diode Laser ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Concentration Data ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Inverse Dispersion ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Remote Sensing Methods

Concentrations of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous dioxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) in the atmosphere are rising continuously. The first step to reduce emissions from landfills is to gain better knowledge about the quantities emitted. There are several ways to quantify CH4 emissions at landfills. Comprehensive quality analyses of individual methods for emission rate quantification at landfills are few to date. In the present paper, the authors conducted two field trials with three different remote sensing methods to gain more knowledge about the possibilities and challenges in quantification of CH4 emissions from landfills. One release trial was conducted with released N2O as tracer and CH4 for quality assessment of the methods. In the second trial, the N2O tracer was released on a landfill to gain experience under field conditions. The well-established inverse dispersion modelling method (IDMM) was used based on concentration data of TDLAS (Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy)-instruments and on concentration data of a partly drone based Fourier-Transformation-Infrared-Spectroscopy (FTIR)-instrument. Additionally, a tracer-method with N2O-tracer and FTIR measurements was conducted. In both trials, IDMM based on TDLAS data and FTIR data provided the best results for high emission rates (15% deviation) and low emission rates (47% deviation). However, both methods have advantages, depending on the field of application. IDMM based on TDLAS measurements is the best choice for long-term measurements over several hours with constant wind conditions (8% deviation). The IDMM based on drone based FTIR measurements is the means of choice for measurements under changing wind conditions and where no linear measurement distances are possible.

scholarly journals High methane emissions dominated annual greenhouse gas balances 30 years after bog rewetting

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 4361-4371 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Vanselow-Algan ◽  
S. R. Schmidt ◽  
M. Greven ◽  
C. Fiencke ◽  
L. Kutzbach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Plant Litter ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Ch4 And N2o ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Abstract. Natural peatlands are important carbon sinks and sources of methane (CH4). In contrast, drained peatlands turn from a carbon sink to a carbon source and potentially emit nitrous oxide (N2O). Rewetting of peatlands thus potentially implies climate change mitigation. However, data about the time span that is needed for the re-establishment of the carbon sink function by restoration are scarce. We therefore investigated the annual greenhouse gas (GHG) balances of three differently vegetated sites of a bog ecosystem 30 years after rewetting. All three vegetation communities turned out to be sources of carbon dioxide (CO2) ranging between 0.6 ± 1.43 t CO2 ha−2 yr−1 (Sphagnum-dominated vegetation) and 3.09 ± 3.86 t CO2 ha−2 yr−1 (vegetation dominated by heath). While accounting for the different global warming potential (GWP) of CO2, CH4 and N2O, the annual GHG balance was calculated. Emissions ranged between 25 and 53 t CO2-eq ha−1 yr−1 and were dominated by large emissions of CH4 (22–51 t CO2-eq ha−1 yr−1), with highest rates found at purple moor grass (Molinia caerulea) stands. These are to our knowledge the highest CH4 emissions so far reported for bog ecosystems in temperate Europe. As the restored area was subject to large fluctuations in the water table, we assume that the high CH4 emission rates were caused by a combination of both the temporal inundation of the easily decomposable plant litter of purple moor grass and the plant-mediated transport through its tissues. In addition, as a result of the land use history, mixed soil material due to peat extraction and refilling can serve as an explanation. With regards to the long time span passed since rewetting, we note that the initial increase in CH4 emissions due to rewetting as described in the literature is not inevitably limited to a short-term period.

scholarly journals A satellite data driven biophysical modeling approach for estimating northern peatland and tundra CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> fluxes

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 16491-16549
Author(s):  
J. D. Watts ◽  
J. S. Kimball ◽  
F.-J. W. Parmentier ◽  
T. Sachs ◽  
J. Rinne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Co2 Exchange ◽  
Biophysical Modeling ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
In Situ Data ◽  
Sensing Applications ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Abstract. The northern terrestrial net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) is contingent on inputs from vegetation gross primary productivity (GPP) to offset ecosystem respiration (Reco) of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emissions, but an effective framework to monitor the regional Arctic NECB is lacking. We modified a terrestrial carbon flux (TCF) model developed for satellite remote sensing applications to estimate peatland and tundra CO2 and CH4 fluxes over a pan-Arctic network of eddy covariance (EC) flux tower sites. The TCF model estimates GPP, CO2 and CH4 emissions using either in-situ or remote sensing based climate data as input. TCF simulations driven using in-situ data explained >70% of the r2 variability in 8 day cumulative EC measured fluxes. Model simulations using coarser satellite (MODIS) and reanalysis (MERRA) data as inputs also reproduced the variability in the EC measured fluxes relatively well for GPP (r2 = 0.75), Reco (r2 = 0.71), net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE, r2 = 0.62) and CH4 emissions (r2 = 0.75). Although the estimated annual CH4 emissions were small (<18 g C m−2 yr−1) relative to Reco (>180 g C m−2 yr−1), they reduced the across-site NECB by 23% and contributed to a global warming potential of approximately 165 ± 128 g CO2eq m−2 yr−1 when considered over a 100 yr time span. This model evaluation indicates a strong potential for using the TCF model approach to document landscape scale variability in CO2 and CH4 fluxes, and to estimate the NECB for northern peatland and tundra ecosystems.

scholarly journals A satellite data driven biophysical modeling approach for estimating northern peatland and tundra CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> fluxes

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1961-1980 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Watts ◽  
J. S. Kimball ◽  
F. J. W. Parmentier ◽  
T. Sachs ◽  
J. Rinne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Biophysical Modeling ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Model Simulations ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
In Situ Data ◽  
Sensing Applications ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Abstract. The northern terrestrial net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) is contingent on inputs from vegetation gross primary productivity (GPP) to offset the ecosystem respiration (Reco) of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emissions, but an effective framework to monitor the regional Arctic NECB is lacking. We modified a terrestrial carbon flux (TCF) model developed for satellite remote sensing applications to evaluate wetland CO2 and CH4 fluxes over pan-Arctic eddy covariance (EC) flux tower sites. The TCF model estimates GPP, CO2 and CH4 emissions using in situ or remote sensing and reanalysis-based climate data as inputs. The TCF model simulations using in situ data explained > 70% of the r2 variability in the 8 day cumulative EC measured fluxes. Model simulations using coarser satellite (MODIS) and reanalysis (MERRA) records accounted for approximately 69% and 75% of the respective r2 variability in the tower CO2 and CH4 records, with corresponding RMSE uncertainties of &amp;leq; 1.3 g C m−2 d−1 (CO2) and 18.2 mg C m−2 d−1 (CH4). Although the estimated annual CH4 emissions were small (< 18 g C m−2 yr−1) relative to Reco (> 180 g C m−2 yr−1), they reduced the across-site NECB by 23% and contributed to a global warming potential of approximately 165 ± 128 g CO2eq m−2 yr−1 when considered over a 100 year time span. This model evaluation indicates a strong potential for using the TCF model approach to document landscape-scale variability in CO2 and CH4 fluxes, and to estimate the NECB for northern peatland and tundra ecosystems.

scholarly journals Measurements of methane emissions from natural gas gathering facilities and processing plants: measurement methods

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 2017-2035 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Roscioli ◽  
T. I. Yacovitch ◽  
C. Floerchinger ◽  
A. L. Mitchell ◽  
D. S. Tkacik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Coal Bed ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Tracer Gas ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Transmission And Distribution

Abstract. Increased natural gas production in recent years has spurred intense interest in methane (CH4) emissions associated with its production, gathering, processing, transmission, and distribution. Gathering and processing facilities (G&amp;P facilities) are unique in that the wide range of gas sources (shale, coal-bed, tight gas, conventional, etc.) results in a wide range of gas compositions, which in turn requires an array of technologies to prepare the gas for pipeline transmission and distribution. We present an overview and detailed description of the measurement method and analysis approach used during a 20-week field campaign studying CH4 emissions from the natural gas G&amp;P facilities between October 2013 and April 2014. Dual-tracer flux measurements and on-site observations were used to address the magnitude and origins of CH4 emissions from these facilities. The use of a second tracer as an internal standard revealed plume-specific uncertainties in the measured emission rates of 20–47%, depending upon plume classification. Combining downwind methane, ethane (C2H6), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and tracer gas measurements with on-site tracer gas release allows for quantification of facility emissions and in some cases a more detailed picture of source locations.

scholarly journals High methane emissions dominate annual greenhouse gas balances 30 years after bog rewetting

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 2809-2842 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Vanselow-Algan ◽  
S. R. Schmidt ◽  
M. Greven ◽  
C. Fiencke ◽  
L. Kutzbach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Plant Litter ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Abstract. Natural peatlands are important carbon sinks and sources of methane (CH4). In contrast, drained peatlands turn from a carbon sink to a carbon source and potentially emit nitrous oxide (N2O). Rewetting of peatlands thus implies climate change mitigation. However, data about the time span that is needed for the re-establishment of the carbon sink function by restoration is scarce. We therefore investigated the annual greenhouse gas (GHG) balances of three differently vegetated bog sites 30 years after rewetting. All three vegetation communities turned out to be sources of carbon dioxide (CO2) ranging between 0.6 ± 1.43 t CO2 ha-2 yr-1 (Sphagnum-dominated vegetation) and 3.09 ± 3.86 t CO2 ha-2 yr-1 (vegetation dominated by heath). While accounting for the different global warming potential (GWP) of the three greenhouse gases, the annual GHG balance was calculated. Emissions ranged between 25 and 53 t CO2-eq ha-1 yr-1 and were dominated by large emissions of CH4 (22 up to 51 t CO2-eq ha-1 yr-1), while highest rates were found at purple moor grass (Molinia caerulea) stands. These are to our knowledge the highest CH4 emissions so far reported for bog ecosystems in temperate Europe. As the restored area was subject to large fluctuations in water table, we conclude that the high CH4 emission rates were caused by a combination of both the temporal inundation of the easily decomposable plant litter of this grass species and the plant-mediated transport through its tissues. In addition, as a result of the land use history, the mixed soil material can serve as an explanation. With regards to the long time span passed since rewetting, we note that the initial increase in CH4 emissions due to rewetting as described in the literature is not limited to a short-term period.

scholarly journals Measurements of methane emissions from natural gas gathering facilities and processing plants: measurement methods

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 12357-12406 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Roscioli ◽  
T. I. Yacovitch ◽  
C. Floerchinger ◽  
A. L. Mitchell ◽  
D. S. Tkacik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Coal Bed ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Tracer Gas ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Transmission And Distribution

Abstract. Increased natural gas production in recent years has spurred intense interest in methane (CH4) emissions associated with its production, gathering, processing, transmission and distribution. Gathering and processing facilities (G&amp;P facilities) are unique in that the wide range of gas sources (shale, coal-bed, tight gas, conventional, etc.) results in a wide range of gas compositions, which in turn requires an array of technologies to prepare the gas for pipeline transmission and distribution. We present an overview and detailed description of the measurement method and analysis approach used during a 20-week field campaign studying CH4 emissions from the natural gas G&amp;P facilities between October 2013 and April 2014. Dual tracer flux measurements and onsite observations were used to address the magnitude and origins of CH4 emissions from these facilities. The use of a second tracer as an internal standard revealed plume-specific uncertainties in the measured emission rates of 20–47%, depending upon plume classification. Combining downwind methane, ethane (C2H6), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and tracer gas measurements with onsite tracer gas release allows for quantification of facility emissions, and in some cases a more detailed picture of source locations.

Application of Remote Sensing in Agriculture

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Piekarczyk
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Remote Sensing Methods

AbstractWith increasing intensity of agricultural crop production increases the need to obtain information about environmental conditions in which this production takes place. Remote sensing methods, including satellite images, airborne photographs and ground-based spectral measurements can greatly simplify the monitoring of crop development and decision-making to optimize inputs on agricultural production and reduce its harmful effects on the environment. One of the earliest uses of remote sensing in agriculture is crop identification and their acreage estimation. Satellite data acquired for this purpose are necessary to ensure food security and the proper functioning of agricultural markets at national and global scales. Due to strong relationship between plant bio-physical parameters and the amount of electromagnetic radiation reflected (in certain ranges of the spectrum) from plants and then registered by sensors it is possible to predict crop yields. Other applications of remote sensing are intensively developed in the framework of so-called precision agriculture, in small spatial scales including individual fields. Data from ground-based measurements as well as from airborne or satellite images are used to develop yield and soil maps which can be used to determine the doses of irrigation and fertilization and to take decisions on the use of pesticides.

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