scholarly journals Virotherapy as a Potential Therapeutic Approach for the Treatment of Aggressive Thyroid Cancer

Cancers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malfitano ◽  
Somma ◽  
Prevete ◽  
Portella
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Oncolytic Viruses ◽  
Cancer Models ◽  
Poorly Differentiated ◽  
Immunosuppressive Microenvironment

Virotherapy is a novel cancer treatment based on oncolytic viruses (OVs), which selectively infect and lyse cancer cells, without harming normal cells or tissues. Several viruses, either naturally occurring or developed through genetic engineering, are currently under investigation in clinical studies. Emerging reports suggesting the immune-stimulatory property of OVs against tumor cells further support the clinical use of OVs for the treatment of lesions lacking effective therapies. Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC) and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC), have a poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Therefore, several groups investigated the therapeutic potential of OVs in PDTC/ATC models producing experimental data sustaining the potential clinical efficacy of OVs in these cancer models. Moreover, the presence of an immunosuppressive microenvironment further supports the potential use of OVs in ATC. In this review, we present the results of the studies evaluating the efficacy of OVs alone or in combination with other treatment options. In particular, their potential therapeutic combination with multiple kinases inhibitors (MKIs) or immune checkpoint inhibitors are discussed.

scholarly journals DUSP6/MKP3 is overexpressed in papillary and poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma and contributes to neoplastic properties of thyroid cancer cells

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debora Degl'Innocenti ◽  
Paola Romeo ◽  
Eva Tarantino ◽  
Marialuisa Sensi ◽  
Giuliana Cassinelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Gene Mutations ◽  
Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Braf V600e ◽  
Ras Gene ◽  
Thyroid Cells ◽  
Poorly Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Poorly Differentiated

Thyroid carcinomas derived from follicular cells comprise papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), follicular thyroid carcinoma, poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC) and undifferentiated anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC). PTC, the most frequent thyroid carcinoma histotype, is associated with gene rearrangements that generateRET/PTCandTRKoncogenes and withBRAF-V600Eand RAS gene mutations. These last two genetic lesions are also present in a fraction of PDTCs. The ERK1/2 pathway, downstream of the known oncogenes activated in PTC, has a central role in thyroid carcinogenesis. In this study, we demonstrate that theBRAF-V600E,RET/PTC, andTRKoncogenes upregulate the ERK1/2 pathway's attenuator cytoplasmic dual-phase phosphatase DUSP6/MKP3 in thyroid cells. We also show DUSP6 overexpression at the mRNA and protein levels in all the analysed PTC cell lines. Furthermore,DUSP6mRNA was significantly higher in PTC and PDTC in comparison with normal thyroid tissues both in expression profile datasets and in patients' surgical samples analysed by real-time RT-PCR. Immunohistochemical and western blot analyses showed that DUSP6 was also overexpressed at the protein level in most PTC and PDTC surgical samples tested, but not in ATC, and revealed a positive correlation trend with ERK1/2 pathway activation. Finally,DUSP6silencing reduced the neoplastic properties of four PTC cell lines, thus suggesting thatDUSP6may have a pro-tumorigenic role in thyroid carcinogenesis.

scholarly journals Prospects of immune checkpoint blockade and vaccine-based immunotherapy for glioblastoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Tietze ◽  
Susanne Michen ◽  
Gabriele Schackert ◽  
Achim Temme
Keyword(s):  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Primary Brain Tumor ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Blockade ◽  
Checkpoint Blockade ◽  
Oncolytic Viruses ◽  
Therapeutic Vaccines ◽  
Dismal Prognosis ◽  
Tumor Parenchyma ◽  
Immunosuppressive Microenvironment

Abstract Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most prevalent primary brain tumor endowed with a dismal prognosis. Nowadays, immunotherapy in a particular immune checkpoint blockade and therapeutic vaccines are being extensively pursued. Yet, several characteristics of GBM may impact such immunotherapeutic approaches. This includes tumor heterogeneity, the relatively low mutational load of primary GBM, insufficient delivery of antibodies to tumor parenchyma and the unique immunosuppressive microenvironment of GBM. Moreover, standard treatment of GBM, comprising temozolomide chemotherapy, radiotherapy and in most instances the application of glucocorticoids for management of brain edema, results in a further increased immunosuppression. This review will provide a brief introduction to the principles of vaccine-based immunotherapy and give an overview of the current clinical studies, which employed immune checkpoint inhibitors, oncolytic viruses-based vaccination, cell-based and peptide-based vaccines. Recent experiences as well as the latest developments are reviewed. Overcoming obstacles, which limit the induction and long-term immune response against GBM when using vaccination approaches, are necessary for the implementation of effective immunotherapy of GBM.

scholarly journals PD-L1 Targeting Immune-Microbubble Complex Enhances Therapeutic Index in Murine Colon Cancer Models

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Daehyun Kim ◽  
Seung Soo Lee ◽  
Hyungwon Moon ◽  
So Yeon Park ◽  
Hak Jong Lee
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Focused Ultrasound ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Therapeutic Index ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Cancer Models ◽  
Programmed Death ◽  
Murine Colon ◽  
Cell Death Protein

Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized the way different neoplasms are treated. Among the different variations of cancer immunotherapy, the checkpoint inhibitors targeting the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) axis have been validated and are currently used in the clinics. Nevertheless, these therapeutic antibodies are associated with significant side effects and are known to induce immune-related toxicities. To address these issues, we have developed an immune-microbubble complex (IMC) which not only reduces the toxicities associated with the antibodies but also enhances the therapeutic efficacy when combined with focused ultrasound. The concept of IMCs could be applied to any type of antibody-based treatment regimens to maximize their therapeutic potential.

Unusual Finding on Ultrasonography of Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma Including Poorly Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma

Thyroid ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 1021-1022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minoru Kihara ◽  
Nobuyuki Amino ◽  
Mitsuyoshi Hirokawa ◽  
Fumio Matsuzuka ◽  
Akira Miyauchi
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Poorly Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Poorly Differentiated ◽  
Unusual Finding
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