scholarly journals Secular Changes in Body Build and Body Composition in Czech Preschool Children in the Context of Latent Obesity

Children ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Petr Sedlak ◽  
Jana Pařízková ◽  
Daniela Samešová ◽  
Martin Musálek ◽  
Hana Dvořáková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Reference Sample ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Secular Changes ◽  
Body Build ◽  
Skeletal Mass

Changes in lifestyle can be significantly reflected in growth and development. Adaptations to reduced levels of physical activity, together with non-corresponding nutritional intakes, can result in body build and body composition changes at an early age. The present cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the secular trend of modifications of body composition and body mass index (BMI) in Czech preschoolers over the last two to three decades. Boys and girls (386 boys and 372 girls) aged 4 to 6 years in 2014–2019 were measured. Outcome data were compared with the reference sample of preschoolers from 1990: 911 boys and 896 girls. Body height, BMI, and percentage of body fat, muscle, and bone mass were evaluated. Height and BMI have not changed. Body fat increased in both genders (p < 0.01), and contrarily, a significant reduction of muscle and skeletal mass was revealed (p < 0.001). Significant changes in body composition and unchanged BMI indicate the development of latent obesity during the last few decades. Due to latent obesity in a recent cohort, the differences in the prevalence of overweight and obesity markers according to BMI and fat percentage were tested. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was higher by 7.2% in boys, and by 6.5% in girls, as compared to children evaluated according to only their BMI results. Secular changes in preschoolers’ physical builds over the last 25 years are not reflected in body height and BMI, but in body composition. Insufficient development of active, lean body mass proportionally compensated by increased fat mass was also indicated.

scholarly journals Dietary habits in the context of body composition of young adult females

2019 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 339-347
Author(s):  
Tereza Sofková ◽  
Michaela Hřivnová ◽  
Marie Chrásková
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Daily Frequency

Abstract Appropriate dietary habits and healthy nutrition play a part in weight control. Set positive principles make precondition for satisfactory state of the body and its composition. Body mass index (BMI) is most commonly used to assess optimal body mass in relation to health risks. However, BMI does not enable the representation of individual body components and may lead to misdiagnosis in one person. The aim of our study was to evaluate dietary habits and selected body composition parameters based on BMI. Moreover, we evaluated these parameters in relation to the daily frequency of meals. The research group consisted of 318 female students of pedagogical disciplines of Palacký University in Olomouc, aged between 18 and 30 years. (22.3±2.5 years). The survey was conducted in March 2018 and 2019. Data on dietary habits were acquired through a questionnaire survey that focused on the daily frequency of meals. Multi-frequency bioimpedance analysis using InBody 720 analyser was used to determine body composition parameters. In the normal weight BMI (BMI_N) category, the selected parameters (BFP: body fat percentage, VFA: visceral fat, FFM: fat-free mass) based on general recommendations for body composition are met. In the overweight and obesity (BMI_O) category, the mean BFP values fall, as expected, into the obesity category (≥35%). We may conclude that statistically significantly lower relative risk of damage to health assessed by the body fat and visceral fat (BFM, BFP, VFA, BFMI) was found to be significantly lower in women who consume 5 meals per day compared to women who consume 4 or less daily portions of food. The differences between the BMI categories for individual meals during the day were statistically insignificant for the group we investigated. We evaluate the dietary habits positively based on the low frequency of skipping meals.

scholarly journals Public health semantics of the YY paradox

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mili Mishra ◽  
Anup K Srivastava ◽  
Vinod K Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
North India ◽  
Similar Proportion ◽  
Body Volume ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Skeletal Mass ◽  
3D Scanners

Background: Body Mass Index (BMI) has lost its credibility as an indicator of fatness. 3D scan and body composition details of Yajnik and Yudnik, the authors with similar BMI but very different body fat percentage was labelled as ‘YY paradox’. 3D scanners are not widely available; as such dependence on less specific tools is still high. It was assumed that such paradoxes may frequently occur in anthropometrically derived body composition indices and paucity of such information prompted us to explore the nature and usage of YY paradox. Methods: Body composition of 89 medical students from North India was studied using bioelectric-impedance fat monitor and anthropometric techniques. YY phenomenon were identified and studied in 1) same BMI but different body fat (Classic YY), 2) same BVI but different BMI (yy BVI~BMI), 3) same Skeletal mass/body fat but different body volume (yy SKM/BF ~ BV) and 4) same Lean Body mass/body fat but different body volume (yy LBM/BF ~ BV). Results: The study population comprised young adults aged 18 -26 years. Males comprised 51.7 % of the study group. YY phenomenon was found in 44 individuals with respect to same BMI but different body fat; 47 individuals of same BVI but different BMI. Of all the indices studied, lowest number of YYs were found in yy LBM/BF ~ BV index. 14.6% study subjects had high visceral fat. Odds Ratio (OR) for high visceral fat in all the studied indices among subjects showing yy-phenomenon and those not showing yy-phenomenon revealed an OR of 1.09 (CI 0.3-3.7) for yy LBM/BF ~ BV index. This suggests that high visceral fat (VF) is the same in both groups and implies that there is no difference between the two arms i.e., YY and non-YY group contains approximately similar proportion of subjects with high VF. Conclusion: We found a high frequency of such paradoxes in this population and also demonstrated that these are not normally distributed. It is also suggested that a deeper look in this issue could be used for deriving predictive models for disease linked anthropometric markers.

scholarly journals Public health semantics of the YY paradox

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mili Mishra ◽  
Anup K Srivastava ◽  
Vinod K Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
North India ◽  
Similar Proportion ◽  
Body Volume ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Skeletal Mass ◽  
3D Scanners

Background: Body Mass Index (BMI) has lost its credibility as an indicator of fatness. 3D scan and body composition details of Yajnik and Yudnik, the authors with similar BMI but very different body fat percentage was labelled as ‘YY paradox’. 3D scanners are not widely available; as such dependence on less specific tools is still high. It was assumed that such paradoxes may frequently occur in anthropometrically derived body composition indices and paucity of such information prompted us to explore the nature and usage of YY paradox. Methods: Body composition of 89 medical students from North India was studied using bioelectric-impedance fat monitor and anthropometric techniques. YY phenomenon were identified and studied in 1) same BMI but different body fat (Classic YY), 2) same BVI but different BMI (yy BVI~BMI), 3) same Skeletal mass/body fat but different body volume (yy SKM/BF ~ BV) and 4) same Lean Body mass/body fat but different body volume (yy LBM/BF ~ BV). Results: The study population comprised young adults aged 18 -26 years. Males comprised 51.7 % of the study group. YY phenomenon was found in 44 individuals with respect to same BMI but different body fat; 47 individuals of same BVI but different BMI. Of all the indices studied, lowest number of YYs were found in yy LBM/BF ~ BV index. 14.6% study subjects had high visceral fat. Odds Ratio (OR) for high visceral fat in all the studied indices among subjects showing yy-phenomenon and those not showing yy-phenomenon revealed an OR of 1.09 (CI 0.3-3.7) for yy LBM/BF ~ BV index. This suggests that high visceral fat (VF) is the same in both groups and implies that there is no difference between the two arms i.e., YY and non-YY group contains approximately similar proportion of subjects with high VF. Conclusion: We found a high frequency of such paradoxes in this population and also demonstrated that these are not normally distributed. It is also suggested that a deeper look in this issue could be used for deriving predictive models for disease linked anthropometric markers.

Comparison of the Effect of Soy protein and Whey protein on Body Composition: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Masoome Piri Damaghi ◽  
Atieh Mirzababaei ◽  
Sajjad Moradi ◽  
Elnaz Daneshzad ◽  
Atefeh Tavakoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Whey Protein ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Soy Protein ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Body Fat Percentage ◽  
Fat Percentage

Abstract Background: Essential amino acids (EAAs) promote the process of regulating muscle synthesis. Thus, whey protein that contains higher amounts of EAA can have a considerable effect on modifying muscle synthesis. However, there is insufficient evidence regarding the effect of soy and whey protein supplementation on body composition. Thus, we sought to perform a meta-analysis of published Randomized Clinical Trials that examined the effect of whey protein supplementation and soy protein supplementation on body composition (lean body mass, fat mass, body mass and body fat percentage) in adults. Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, up to August 2020, for all relevant published articles assessing soy protein supplementation and whey protein supplementation on body composition parameters. We included all Randomized Clinical Trials that investigated the effect of whey protein supplementation and soy protein supplementation on body composition in adults. Pooled means and standard deviations (SD) were calculated using random-effects models. Subgroup analysis was applied to discern possible sources of heterogeneity. Results: After excluding non-relevant articles, 10 studies, with 596 participants, remained in this study. We found a significant increase in lean body mass after whey protein supplementation weighted mean difference (WMD: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.15, 1.67. P= 0.019). Subgroup analysis, for whey protein, indicated that there was a significant increase in lean body mass in individuals concomitant to exercise (WMD: 1.24; 95% CI: 0.47, 2.00; P= 0.001). There was a significant increase in lean body mass in individuals who received 12 or less weeks of whey protein (WMD: 1.91; 95% CI: 1.18, 2.63; P<0.0001). We observed no significant change between whey protein supplementation and body mass, fat mass, and body fat percentage. We found no significant change between soy protein supplementation and lean body mass, body mass, fat mass, and body fat percentage. Subgroup analysis for soy protein indicated there was a significant increase in lean body mass in individuals who supplemented for 12 or less weeks with soy protein (WMD: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.89; P< 0.0001). Conclusion: Whey protein supplementation significantly improved body composition via increases in lean body mass, without influencing fat mass, body mass, and body fat percentage.

Body Mass and Body Composition Changes over 7 Years in a Male Professional Rugby Union Team

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clíodhna McHugh ◽  
Karen Hind ◽  
Aoife O'Halloran ◽  
Daniel Davey ◽  
Gareth Farrell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Total Mass ◽  
Rugby Union ◽  
Body Fat Percentage ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Dxa Scans ◽  
Composition Changes

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate longitudinal body mass and body composition changes in one professional rugby union team (n=123), (i) according to position [forwards (n=58) versus backs (n=65)], analysis of players with 6 consecutive seasons of DXA scans (n=21) and, (iii) to examine differences by playing status [academy and international], over 7 years. Players [mean age: 26.8 y, body mass index: 28.9+kg.m2] received DXA scans at fourtime points within each year. A modest (but non-significant) increase in mean total mass (0.8 kg) for professional players was reflected by increased lean mass and reduced body fat mass. At all-time points, forwards had a significantly greater total mass, lean mass and body fat percentage compared to backs (p<0.05). Academy players demonstrated increased total and lean mass and decreased body fat percentage over the first 3 years of senior rugby, although this was not significant. Senior and academy international players had greater lean mass and lower body fat percentage (p<0.05) than non-international counterparts. Despite modest increases in total mass; reflected by increased lean mass and reduced fat mass, no significant changes in body mass or body composition, irrespective of playing position were apparent over 7 years.

scholarly journals Whole-Food Plant-Based Lifestyle Program and Decreased Obesity: A 10-Year Follow-up

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boštjan Jakše ◽  
Barbara Jakše ◽  
Stanislav Pinter ◽  
Jernej Pajek ◽  
Nataša Fidler Mis
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Food Plant ◽  
Body Fat Percentage ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Lifestyle Program ◽  
Composition Changes

Failure of various weight-loss programs and long-term maintenance of favorable body composition in all kinds of people is high, since the majority go back to old dietary patterns. Many studies have documented the efficacy of a plant-based diet (PBD) for body mass management, but there are opinions that maintaining a PBD is difficult. We aimed to evaluate the long-term success of a whole-food plant-based (WFPB) lifestyle program. We investigated the differences in the obesity indices and lifestyle of 151 adults (39.6 &plusmn; SD 12.5 years), who were on our program for short (0.5&ndash;&lt;2 years), medium (2&ndash;&lt;5 years), or long term (5&ndash;10 years). Body-composition changes were favourable for all three groups, both genders and all participants. There were no differences in relative body-composition changes (BMI, body fat percentage and muscle mass index (MMI)) between the three groups. All participants improved their BMI (baseline mean pre-obesity BMI range (kg/m2): 26.4 &plusmn; 5.6 to normal 23.9 &plusmn; 3.8, p &lt; 0.001), decreased body mass (&ndash;7.1 &plusmn; 8.3 kg, p &lt; 0.001) and body fat percentage (&ndash;6.4 &plusmn; 5.6 % points, p &lt; 0.001). 85.6% (101 out of 118) of parents of underage children (&lt; 18 years), introduced WFPB lifestyle to their children. Those with the highest BMI at baseline lost the most of: a) BMI units, b) total body mass and c) body fat (a) (kg/m2) (&ndash;5.6 &plusmn; SD 2.9, &ndash;2.4 &plusmn; 1.8 and &ndash;0.9 &plusmn; 1.5), b) (kg) (&ndash;16.1 &plusmn; SD 8.8, &ndash;7.1 &plusmn; 5.4 and &ndash;2.5 &plusmn; 4.5) and c) (% points) (&ndash;9.5 &plusmn; SD 5.7, &ndash;6.6 &plusmn; 4.6 and &ndash;4.7 &plusmn; 5.3) for participants who had baseline BMI in obese, overweight and normal range, respectively; pbaseline vs. current &lt; 0.001 for all). WFPB lifestyle program provides long-term lifestyle changes for reversal of obesity and is effective transferred to the next generation.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Somatic Variables of Elite Ice Hockey Players from the Czech ELH and Russian KHL

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Kutáč ◽  
Martin Sigmund
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Ice Hockey ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Hockey Players ◽  
Anthropometric Characteristics ◽  
Morphological Variables

Abstract The goals of this study were to evaluate the basic morphological variables of contemporary elite ice hockey players, compare the parameters of players in the top Russian ice hockey league (KHL) with those of the top Czech ice hockey league (ELH), and to evaluate the parameters of players according to their position in the game. The research participants included 30 KHL players (mean age: 27.1 ± 5.1 years) and 25 ELH players (mean age: 26.4 ± 5.8 years). We determined body height, body mass, and body composition (body fat, fat-free mass, segmental fat analysis). All measurements were performed at the end of preseason training. The KHL players had the following anthropometric characteristics: body height 182.97 ± 5.61 cm (forward) and 185.72 ± 3.57 cm (defenseman), body mass 89.70 ± 5.28 kg (forward) and 92.52 ± 4.01 kg (defenseman), body fat 10.76 ± 0.63 kg (forward) and 11.10 ± 0.48 kg (defenseman), fatfree mass 78.94 ± 4.65 kg (forward) and 81.42 ± 3.52 kg (defenseman). The values for ELH players were as follows: body height 182.06 ± 5.93 cm (forward) and 185.88 ± 7.13 cm (defenseman), body mass 88.47 ± 7.06 kg (forward) and 89.36 ± 10.91 kg (defenseman), body fat 12.57 ± 2.89 kg (forward) and 11.91 ± 3.10 kg (defenseman), fat-free mass 75.93 ± 6.54 kg (forward) and 77.46 ± 7.89 kg (defenseman). The results indicate that it is beneficial to ice hockey players to have increased body mass and lower body fat, which leads to higher muscle mass, thus enabling a player to perform at the highest level and meet the specific challenges of the game.

scholarly journals Body fat percentage in adolescents from Curitiba-PR metropolitan region: reference data using LMS method

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 373-380
Author(s):  
Wagner Luis Ripka ◽  
Eduardo Esmanhoto ◽  
Leandra Ulbricht
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Lms Method

Percentile indicators, aided in its development by biomedical engineering, relative to body fat distribution in adolescents are able to help health professionals in better diagnosing overweight and obesity. The aim of this study was to calculate percentile values to body fat in adolescents aged between 12 and 17 years from the Curitiba-PR and its metropolitan region composed of 29 municipalities, having as reference method the dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) technology. After applying inclusion criteria for the adolescents, anthropometric measures of body fat and stature were taken, as well as evaluation of the body composition through DXA. The statistical analysis was grounded in the presentation of percentilic values developed by Cole and Green’s LMS method, where L stands for the skewness curve, M for the mean curve and S for the variance curve. In total, 390 boys were evaluated. The fat percentage values tend to show a decrease between the ages of 12 (22.8±5.1%) and 16 years (17.9±2.9%). Moreover, for the superior percentiles: 90th and 97th re-start to increase at the age of 17 after showing a decrease in the previous years. The L, M and S parameters, altogether with the percentiles created to evaluate body fat are interesting tools to tendency and evolution analyses, as well as to enable inferences to be made about the body composition of adolescents.

scholarly journals Despite Low Obesity Rates, Body Mass Index Under-Estimated Obesity among Russian Police Officers When Compared to Body Fat Percentage

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 1937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie M. Heinrich ◽  
Konstantin G. Gurevich ◽  
Anna N. Arkhangelskaia ◽  
Oleg P. Karazhelyaskov ◽  
Walker S. C. Poston
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
Body Fat Percentage ◽  
Fat Percentage

In some countries, obesity rates among police officers are higher than the general public, despite physically demanding jobs. Obesity rates based on body mass index (BMI) may lack accuracy as BMI does not directly address body composition. Since data are lacking for obesity rates among Russian police officers, this study documented and compared officer obesity rates to the adult Russian population and compared the accuracy of body mass index (BMI) for obesity classification to two direct measures of body composition. Moscow region police officers (N = 182, 84% men) underwent height, weight, waist circumference (WC), and body fat percentage (BF%) bioelectrical impedance measurements during annual medical examinations. BMI-defined obesity rates were 4.6% for men and 17.2% for women, which were >3 and >1.8 times lower than Russian adults, respectively. WC-defined obesity rates were similar to BMI (3.3% for men and 10.3% for women), but BF%-defined obesity rates were much higher (22.2% for men and 55.2% for women). Although obesity rates were lower than those found among police officers in other countries, BMI alone was not a particularly accurate method for classifying weight status among Russian police officers.

scholarly journals Associations between folate intake, body composition, and liver status in healthy adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Młodzik-Czyżewska ◽  
Anna Malinowska ◽  
Agata Chmurzynska
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Liver Steatosis ◽  
Folate Intake ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Fat Percentage ◽  
Fat Percentage

AbstractA link has recently been underlined between one-carbon metabolism and body weight and body composition, suggesting that folate may account for body mass determination and lipid metabolism. The aim of this study was thus to analyze whether folate intake is associated with body weight, body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage, and liver status.409 subjects aged 20–40 were enrolled in Poznań, Poland from 2016 to 2018. Food intake was assessed using three-day food records. Folate intake was calculated based on food composition tables using the Diet 5.0 program (National Food and Nutrition Institute, Poland). Weight to 0.1 kg and height to 0.01 m were measured using an electronic scale and a stadiometer, respectively. BMI was calculated as body weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Fat mass and lean body mass were determined using whole-body air-displacement plethysmography (BodPod, Cosmed, Italy). Genotyping of rs1801133 (MTHFR) was performed with TaqMan probes. The following biomarkers of liver steatosis were calculated: NAFLD liver fat score (NAFLD-LFS), fatty liver index (FLI), and hepatic steatosis index (HSI). To analyze the associations between folate intake and the measured parameters, we used multiple regression with adjustments for age, sex, and energy intake.The mean body weight was 78.57 ± 18.14 kg, BMI 25.96 ± 5.28 kg/m2, and fat percentage 29.20% ± 10.78%. The median folate intake was 299.3 μg/day. Dietary folate intake was negatively associated with body weight, BMI, and body fat percentage (p < 0.05 for all associations). Folate intake was also associated with fatty liver indices—namely HSI (p < 0.05) and FLI (p < 0.05). There was no association between folate intake and NAFLD-LFS. MTHFR rs1801133 polymorphism was not associated with any of the measured parameters.Our findings suggest that folate intake may affect body weight and composition, as well as liver status. Higher folate intake could have a protective effect against obesity, but further studies are necessary to investigate the mechanism.The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.This work was supported by the Polish National Science Centre(grants 2014/15/B/NZ9/02134 and 2016/21/N/NZ9/01195).

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