scholarly journals Disorders of Arousal: A Chronobiological Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-65
Author(s):  
Greta Mainieri ◽  
Giuseppe Loddo ◽  
Federica Provini
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Precipitating Factors ◽  
Sleep Phase ◽  
Intrinsic Structure ◽  
Sleep Terror ◽  
Pediatric Populations ◽  
Disorders Of Arousal

Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep parasomnias are characterized by motor and emotional behaviors emerging from incomplete arousals from NREM sleep and they are currently referred to as disorders of arousal (DoA). Three main clinical entities are recognized, namely confusional arousal, sleep terror and sleepwalking. DoA are largely present in pediatric populations, an age in which they are considered as transitory, unhabitual physiological events. The literature background in the last twenty years has extensively shown that DoA can persist in adulthood in predisposed individuals or even appear de novo in some cases. Even though some episodes may arise from stage 2 of sleep, most DoA occur during slow wave sleep (SWS), and particularly during the first two sleep cycles. The reasons for this timing are linked to the intrinsic structure of SWS and with the possible influence on this sleep phase of predisposing, priming and precipitating factors for DoA episodes. The objective of this paper is to review the intrinsic sleep-related features and chronobiological aspects affecting SWS, responsible for the occurrence of the majority of DoA episodes during the first part of the night.

Effects of exercise on sleep

1978 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 945-951 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Walker ◽  
T. C. Floyd ◽  
G. Fein ◽  
C. Cavness ◽  
R. Lualhati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Sleep Stages ◽  
Absolute Amount ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Personality Profiles ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Strong Trend ◽  
Delta Activity

We tested the hypothesis that EEG sleep stages 3 and 4 (slow-wave sleep, SWS) would be increased as a function of either acute of chronic exercise. Ten distance runners were matched with 10 nonrunners, and their sleep was recorded under both habitual (runners running and nonrunners not running, 3 night) and abruptly changed (runners not running and nonrunners running, 1 night) conditions. Analyses of both visually scored SWS and computer measures of delta activity during non-rapid eye-movement (NREM) sleep failed to support the SWS-exercise hypothesis. The runners showed a significantly higher proportion and a greater absolute amount of NREM sleep than the nonrunners. The runners showed less rapid eye-movement activity during sleep than the nonrunners under both experimental conditions, indicating a strong and unexpected effect of physical fitness on this measure. Modest afternoon exercise in nonrunners was associated with a strong trend toward elevated heart rate during sleep. Mood tests and personality profiles revealed few differences, either between groups or within groups, as a function of exercise.

scholarly journals Don't count your chickens before they're hatched: Elaborative encoding in REM dreaming in face of the physiology of sleep stages

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 613-614
Author(s):  
Gaétane Deliens ◽  
Sophie Schwartz ◽  
Philippe Peigneux
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Sleep Stages ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Hidden Patterns ◽  
Episodic Memories ◽  
Novel Associations

AbstractLlewellyn suggests that episodic memories undergo “elaborative encoding” during rapid eye movement (REM) dreams, generating novel associations between recent and remote memories that are then instantiated during non-REM (NREM) sleep. This hypothesis conflicts with our knowledge of the physiology of NREM and then REM sleep stages and their ordered succession. Moreover, associations during sleep might also involve the extraction of hidden patterns rather than de novo associations.

scholarly journals Sound disrupts sleep-associated brain oscillations in rodents according to its meaning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp van Kronenberg ◽  
Linus Milinski ◽  
Zoë Kruschke ◽  
Livia de Hoz
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Sensory Gating ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Brain Oscillations ◽  
Sleep Phase ◽  
Fast Decrease ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Eeg Power ◽  
Danger Detection

SummarySleep is essential but poses a risk to the animal. Filtering acoustic information according to its relevance, a process generally known as sensory gating, is crucial during sleep to ensure a balance between rest and danger detection. The mechanisms of this sensory gating and its specificity are not understood. Here, we tested the effect that sounds of different meaning had on sleep-associated ongoing oscillations. We recorded EEG and EMG from mice during rapid-eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep while presenting sounds with or without behavioural relevance. We found that sound presentation per se, in the form of an unfamiliar neutral sound, elicited a weak or no change in the sleep-dependent EEG power during NREM and REM sleep. In contrast, the presentation of a sound previously conditioned in an aversive task, elicited a clear and fast decrease in the sleep-dependent EEG power during both sleep phases, suggesting a transition to lighter sleep without awakening. The observed changes generally weakened over training days and were not present in animals that failed to learn. Interestingly, the effect could be generalized to unfamiliar neutral sounds if presented following conditioned training, an effect that depended on sleep phase and sound type. The data demonstrate that sounds are differentially gated during sleep depending on their meaning and that this process is reflected in disruption of sleep-associated brain oscillations without an effect on behavioural arousal.

scholarly journals Commonalities and Differences in NREM Parasomnias and Sleep-Related Epilepsy: Is There a Continuum Between the Two Conditions?

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlotta Mutti ◽  
Giorgia Bernabè ◽  
Noemi Barozzi ◽  
Rosario Ciliento ◽  
Irene Trippi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Slow Wave ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Cyclic Alternating Pattern ◽  
Clinical Challenge ◽  
Sleep Length ◽  
Disorders Of Arousal ◽  
Light Sleep

Introduction: Differential diagnosis between disorders of arousal (DoA) and sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy (SHE) often represents a clinical challenge. The two conditions may be indistinguishable from a semiological point of view and the scalp video-polysomnography is often uninformative. Both disorders are associated with variable hypermotor manifestations ranging from major events to fragments of a hierarchical continuum of increasing intensity, complexity, and duration. Given their semiological overlap we decided to explore the sleep texture of DoA and SHE seeking for similarities and differences.Methods: We analyzed sleep macrostructure and CAP (cyclic alternating pattern) parameters in a cohort of 35 adult DoA patients, 40 SHE patients and 24 healthy sleepers, all recorded and scored in the same sleep laboratory. Nocturnal behavioral manifestations included minor motor events, paroxysmal arousals and major attacks in SHE, and simple, rising, or complex arousal movements in DoA.Results: Compared to healthy controls, DoA and SHE showed similar amounts of sleep efficiency, light sleep, deep sleep, REM sleep, CAP subtypes. Both groups also showed slow wave sleep fragmentation and an increased representation of stage N3 in the second part of the night. The only discriminating elements between the two conditions regarded sleep length (more reduced in DoA) and sleep instability (more elevated in SHE). In DoA recordings, all motor episodes arose from NREM sleep: 37% during light NREM stages and 63% during stage N3 (simple arousal movements: 94%). In SHE recordings, 57% of major attacks occurred during stage N3.Conclusions: So far, emphasis has been placed on the differentiation of sleep-related epilepsy and NREM arousal disorders. However, the impressive analogies between DoA and SHE suggest the existence of an underestimated continuum across the conditions, linked by increased levels of sleep instability, higher amounts of slow wave sleep and NREM/REM sleep imbalance. Sleep texture is extremely similar in the two conditions, although CAP metrics disclose quantitative differences. In particular, SHE patients show a higher arousal instability compared to DoA subjects. Given their clinical and epidemiological overlap, a common genetic background is also hypothesized. In such a perspective, we suggest that the consolidated dichotomy DoA vs. SHE should be reappraised.

scholarly journals 0141 A Novel, Orally Available Orexin 2 Receptor-Selective Agonist, TAK-994, Shows Wake-Promoting Effects Following Chronic Dosing in an Orexin-Deficient Narcolepsy Mouse Model

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A56-A56
Author(s):  
T Ishikawa ◽  
M Suzuki ◽  
H Kimura
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Mouse Model ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Day Treatment ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Sleep Time ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sleep Phase ◽  
Selective Agonist

Abstract Introduction The use of an orexin 2 receptor (OX2R) agonist may be a promising approach for the treatment of narcolepsy type 1. TAK-994 is a novel, orally available OX2R-selective agonist with >700-fold selectivity against orexin 1 receptor. Single administration of TAK-994 ameliorates narcolepsy-like symptoms such as fragmentation of wakefulness and cataplexy-like episodes in orexin/ataxin-3 mice, a narcolepsy mouse model with orexin deficiency. In this study, we evaluated the effect of chronic dosing with TAK-994 on sleep/wakefulness states in orexin/ataxin-3 mice. Methods Orexin/ataxin-3 mice were grouped into two cohorts: a control group and a 14-day treatment group. In the control group, vehicle was administered orally to mice three times a day: zeitgeber time 12 (ZT12), ZT15 and ZT18, for 14 days. In the 14-day treatment group, TAK-994 was administered orally to mice at ZT12, ZT15 and ZT18 for 14 days. Electroencephalogram/electromyogram analysis was performed on day 1 and day 14 (ZT12-ZT21), and the subsequent sleep phase (ZT0-ZT10). Results On day 1, TAK-994 significantly increased wakefulness time, accompanied by a decrease in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep time and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep time, in orexin/ataxin-3 mice compared with the control group. On day 14, TAK-994 also significantly increased wakefulness time, and decreased NREM sleep time and REM sleep time in orexin/ataxin-3 mice. There were no changes in the time spent in wakefulness, NREM sleep and REM sleep during the subsequent sleep phase after chronic dosing with TAK-994. Conclusion Wake-promoting effects of TAK-994 were observed following chronic dosing for up to 14 days in orexin/ataxin-3 mice with no rebound of sleep. Overall, there was no clear difference in efficacy between the single and repeated administration of TAK-994 in orexin/ataxin-3 mice. Support This work was conducted by Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited.

Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia During Sleep and Waking

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth M. Stoakley ◽  
Karen J. Mathewson ◽  
Louis A. Schmidt ◽  
Kimberly A. Cote
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Sinus Arrhythmia ◽  
Affective Style ◽  
Waking State ◽  
Optimal Period ◽  
The Stability

Abstract. Resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) is related to individual differences in waking affective style and self-regulation. However, little is known about the stability of RSA between sleep/wake stages or the relations between RSA during sleep and waking affective style. We examined resting RSA in 25 healthy undergraduates during the waking state and one night of sleep. Stability of cardiac variables across sleep/wake states was highly reliable within participants. As predicted, greater approach behavior and lower impulsivity were associated with higher RSA; these relations were evident in early night Non-REM (NREM) sleep, particularly in slow wave sleep (SWS). The current research extends previous findings by establishing stability of RSA within individuals between wake and sleep states, and by identifying SWS as an optimal period of measurement for relations between waking affective style and RSA.

scholarly journals Manipulating neural activity and sleep-dependent memory consolidation

Neuroforum ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Ghorbani ◽  
Lisa Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Neural Oscillations ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Hippocampus Dependent Memory

AbstractSleep contributes actively to the consolidation of many forms of memory. This review describes the neural oscillations of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, the structures underlying these oscillations and their relation to hippocampus-dependent memory consolidation. A main focus lies on the relation between inter- and intraregional interactions and their electrophysiological representation. Methods for modulating neural oscillations with the intent of affecting memory consolidation are presented.

scholarly journals A Validation Study of a Commercial Wearable Device to Automatically Detect and Estimate Sleep

Biosensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 185
Author(s):  
Dean J. Miller ◽  
Gregory D. Roach ◽  
Michele Lastella ◽  
Aaron T. Scanlan ◽  
Clint R. Bellenger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Validation Study ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Total Sleep Time ◽  
Sleep Time ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Manual Adjustment ◽  
Light Sleep

The aims of this study were to: (1) compare actigraphy (ACTICAL) and a commercially available sleep wearable (i.e., WHOOP) under two functionalities (i.e., sleep auto-detection (WHOOP-AUTO) and manual adjustment of sleep (WHOOP-MANUAL)) for two-stage categorisation of sleep (sleep or wake) against polysomnography, and; (2) compare WHOOP-AUTO and WHOOP-MANUAL for four-stage categorisation of sleep (wake, light sleep, slow wave sleep (SWS), or rapid eye movement sleep (REM)) against polysomnography. Six healthy adults (male: n = 3; female: n = 3; age: 23.0 ± 2.2 yr) participated in the nine-night protocol. Fifty-four sleeps assessed by ACTICAL, WHOOP-AUTO and WHOOP-MANUAL were compared to polysomnography using difference testing, Bland–Altman comparisons, and 30-s epoch-by-epoch comparisons. Compared to polysomnography, ACTICAL overestimated total sleep time (37.6 min) and underestimated wake (−37.6 min); WHOOP-AUTO underestimated SWS (−15.5 min); and WHOOP-MANUAL underestimated wake (−16.7 min). For ACTICAL, sensitivity for sleep, specificity for wake and overall agreement were 98%, 60% and 89%, respectively. For WHOOP-AUTO, sensitivity for sleep, wake, and agreement for two-stage and four-stage categorisation of sleep were 90%, 60%, 86% and 63%, respectively. For WHOOP-MANUAL, sensitivity for sleep, wake, and agreement for two-stage and four-stage categorisation of sleep were 97%, 45%, 90% and 62%, respectively. WHOOP-AUTO and WHOOP-MANUAL have a similar sensitivity and specificity to actigraphy for two-stage categorisation of sleep and can be used as a practical alternative to polysomnography for two-stage categorisation of sleep and four-stage categorisation of sleep.

Upper airway muscle responsiveness to rising Pco 2 during NREM sleep

2000 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 1275-1282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giora Pillar ◽  
Atul Malhotra ◽  
Robert B. Fogel ◽  
Josee Beauregard ◽  
David I. Slamowitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Dilator Muscle ◽  
Pharyngeal Muscles ◽  
Stage 2 Sleep ◽  
Significant Change ◽  
End Tidal

Although pharyngeal muscles respond robustly to increasing Pco 2 during wakefulness, the effect of hypercapnia on upper airway muscle activation during sleep has not been carefully assessed. This may be important, because it has been hypothesized that CO2-driven muscle activation may importantly stabilize the upper airway during stages 3 and 4 sleep. To test this hypothesis, we measured ventilation, airway resistance, genioglossus (GG) and tensor palatini (TP) electromyogram (EMG), plus end-tidal Pco 2(Pet CO2 ) in 18 subjects during wakefulness, stage 2, and slow-wave sleep (SWS). Responses of ventilation and muscle EMG to administered CO2(Pet CO2 = 6 Torr above the eupneic level) were also assessed during SWS ( n = 9) or stage 2 sleep ( n = 7). Pet CO2 increased spontaneously by 0.8 ± 0.1 Torr from stage 2 to SWS (from 43.3 ± 0.6 to 44.1 ± 0.5 Torr, P < 0.05), with no significant change in GG or TP EMG. Despite a significant increase in minute ventilation with induced hypercapnia (from 8.3 ± 0.1 to 11.9 ± 0.3 l/min in stage 2 and 8.6 ± 0.4 to 12.7 ± 0.4 l/min in SWS, P < 0.05 for both), there was no significant change in the GG or TP EMG. These data indicate that supraphysiological levels of Pet CO2 (50.4 ± 1.6 Torr in stage 2, and 50.4 ± 0.9 Torr in SWS) are not a major independent stimulus to pharyngeal dilator muscle activation during either SWS or stage 2 sleep. Thus hypercapnia-induced pharyngeal dilator muscle activation alone is unlikely to explain the paucity of sleep-disordered breathing events during SWS.

Heterogeneous activity level of jaw-closing and -opening muscles and its association with arousal levels during sleep in the guinea pig

2010 ◽  
Vol 298 (1) ◽  
pp. R34-R42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takafumi Kato ◽  
Yuji Masuda ◽  
Hayato Kanayama ◽  
Norimasa Nakamura ◽  
Atsushi Yoshida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Jaw Muscles ◽  
High Activity Level ◽  
Motor Activities

Exaggerated jaw motor activities during sleep are associated with muscle symptoms in the jaw-closing rather than the jaw-opening muscles. The intrinsic activity of antagonistic jaw muscles during sleep remains unknown. This study aims to assess the balance of muscle activity between masseter (MA) and digastric (DG) muscles during sleep in guinea pigs. Electroencephalogram (EEG), electroocculogram, and electromyograms (EMGs) of dorsal neck, MA, and DG muscles were recorded with video during sleep-wake cycles. These variables were quantified for each 10-s epoch. The magnitude of muscle activity during sleep in relation to mean EMG activity of total wakefulness was up to three times higher for MA muscle than for DG muscle for nonrapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep. Although the activity level of the two jaw muscles fluctuated during sleep, the ratio of activity level for each epoch was not proportional. Epochs with a high activity level for each muscle were associated with a decrease in δEEG power and/or an increase in heart rate in NREM sleep. However, this association with heart rate and activity levels was not observed in REM sleep. These results suggest that in guinea pigs, the magnitude of muscle activity for antagonistic jaw muscles is heterogeneously modulated during sleep, characterized by a high activity level in the jaw-closing muscle. Fluctuations in the activity are influenced by transient arousal levels in NREM sleep but, in REM sleep, the distinct controls may contribute to the fluctuation. The above intrinsic characteristics could underlie the exaggeration of jaw motor activities during sleep (e.g., sleep bruxism).

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