scholarly journals MtDNA D-loop Diversity in Alpine Cattle during the Bronze Age

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 449
Author(s):  
José Granado ◽  
Marianna Harmath ◽  
Umberto Tecchiati ◽  
Klaus Oeggl ◽  
Jörg Schibler ◽  
...  

The Bronze Age in Europe is characterized by major socio-economic changes, including certain aspects of animal husbandry. In the Alpine region archaeozoological data, though not very abundant, reveal that cattle were the most important domestic animals in this time period. They were probably used differently in the lowlands than at higher altitude, traction became more important and people increasingly exploited them for dairy products rather than for meat. Thus, a crucial question in this context is whether these major events are accompanied by changes in genetic diversity of cattle. Here we report partial mtDNA d-loop data (320 bp) obtained by PCR from 40 alpine cattle excavated at different sites in South Tyrol, Italy, and Grisons, Switzerland. Most cattle belong to the main European taurine T3 haplogroup, but a few members of T2 and Q haplogroups were identified. Moreover, genetic diversity measures and population genetic statistics indicate different cattle histories at different sites, including bottlenecks and potential admixture. However, Bronze Age Alpine cattle appear to be linked to modern rural cattle mainly from Italy.

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liz Henty

General archaeological accounts of Scotland tend to demonstrate broad ideas of the Neolithic transition to farming and the subsequent economic changes in the Bronze Age. Whilst they concentrate on important economic and cultural advancement they tend to lack discussions on cosmological change. This paper looks at one small area in Aberdeenshire to examine four different classes of monument that are found there: long mounds and long cairns; Recumbent Stone Circles; henges and Beaker burial sites. It argues that skyscape archaeology, through the use of archaeoastronomical techniques, can provide clues to cosmological change.


Author(s):  
Jean-Luc Houle

This article discusses the Bronze Age in Mongolia, a period when pastoralism, mobility, and interaction between regional communities increased dramatically. It also corresponds to the heyday of monumental construction and to the development of societal complexity in this region. After briefly discussing the local Bronze Age chronology, the discussion then turns to the topic of the transition to animal husbandry and to the development of mobile, equestrian pastoralism in particular—a phenomenon that seems to have taken place during the Late Bronze Age. Following this, I examine the monumental landscape as well as what is known from “settlements” before discussing the nature of Late Bronze Age social organization and societal complexity. The article ends with a brief exposé on bronze metallurgy before highlighting what are thought to be the critical issues that continue to challenge research on the Bronze Age in the region.


2012 ◽  
Vol 02 (01) ◽  
pp. 14-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
François-Xavier Ricaut ◽  
Murray P. Cox ◽  
Marie Lacan ◽  
Christine Keyser ◽  
Francis Duranthon ◽  
...  

The Holocene ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 1722-1729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oskar Schröder ◽  
Mayke Wagner ◽  
Saskia Wutke ◽  
Yong Zhang ◽  
Yingxia Ma ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Р.П. Кулумбегов

В Осетии, как и повсеместно на Кавказе, бытовали традиционные мельницы двух основных типов – ручные и водяные. Мельничные механизмы, работающие посредством усилий домашних животных (ослов, верблюдов) или на силе ветра в регионе не получили распространение и были редким исключением. Древнейшим приспособлением для помола зерна была зернотерка, широко распространившаяся в неолите. Значительным шагом в совершенствовании технологии помола стал переход к использованию вращающегося жернова, то есть ручной мельницы. На территории Осетии они известны с эпохи бронзы. Водяные мельницы стали следующим этапом в развитии мукомольной технологии, значительно увеличив производительность. Для устройства мельницы было необходимо наличие источника воды, посредством которой создавался напор водяного потока, приводящий в действие мельничное колесо. В Осетии мельница, работающая от энергии воды, носила название къада куырой – «ручейная мельница». Помимо хозяйственных функций мельница в представлении земледельцев была связана с мифологией. Горцы полагали, что мельничный механизм, работающий без непосредственного участия человека, только на силе воды, является олицетворением сверхъестественных сил. Превращение зерна в муку, с использованием стихии воды, постоянный шум мельничного колеса, не прекращающийся даже ночью, обособленность строения, устные предания с магическим окрасом – все это заставляло относиться к мельнице как к обиталищу темной субстанции. Поэтому мельница является местом-локусом, связанным с мифопоэтическим представлением о мире, его границах, духах места и воды, зонах сакрального пространства и соответствующих им поведенческих норм. Если осетинская мельница къада куырой как элемент механизации труда земледельца описана достаточно полно, то мифологические представления, связанные с ней, все еще нуждаются в исследовании. In Ossetia, as everywhere in the Caucasus, mills were divided into two main types - manual and water. Mill mechanisms working through the efforts of domestic animals (donkeys, camels) or on the strength of the wind in the region under consideration were not widespread and were a rare exception. Hand mills are the most ancient mechanical device for grinding flour, and they have been known in Ossetia since the Bronze Age. Water mills have become the next step in the development of milling technology, greatly increasing productivity. For the work of the mill, it was necessary to have a source of water, by which the pressure of the water flow was created, and which was used to drive the mill wheel. In Ossetia a mill powered by water energy was called Qada Kuyroj. In addition to economic functions, the mill, in the view of agriculturalists was associated with mythology. The mountaineers believed that a mill mechanism that works without human involvement and only on the power of water is a manifestation of supernatural powers. The transformation of grain into flour, using water, the constant noise of the mill wheel, which doesn’t stop even at night, the isolation of the building, oral traditions with magical insides - all this made them treat mill as a place with dark substance. Therefore, the mill is a locus-place associated with mythopoetic idea of ​​the world, its borders, the spirits of place and water, zones of sacred space and behavioral norms. If Ossetian mill qada kwyroj, as the element of mechanization of the work for agriculturalists, is described quite fully, still the mythological ideas associated with it still need further research.


Author(s):  
T. Smekalova ◽  
◽  
M. Kulkova ◽  
M. Kashuba ◽  
◽  
...  

The results of radiocarbon dating of materials from Bronze Age sites located in Tarkhankut region (Crimea) is considering in the article. The materials were obtained from four settlements with double stone yards for domestic animals. These settlements were discovered together 20 other sites in the Northern-Western Crimea in the last decade. The radiocarbon dates gave a vast time interval in the frameworks of the Late Bronze Age. The earliest dates belong to the frontier of the Middle/Late Bronze Age. New results together with other archaeological materials open discussion about the cultures of the Bronze Age in the Crimea.


The Holocene ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 878-887
Author(s):  
Alexandra T Gourlan ◽  
Francis Albarede ◽  
Hema Achyuthan ◽  
Sylvain Campillo

The rise and fall of human cultures are strongly modulated by the strong environmental changes taking place during the Holocene. Here, we use the sedimentological and geochemical records of a core taken in the Arabian Sea, west of Kerala, to identify potential factors that may reflect on-land history of local civilizations, in particular the Harappan culture which appeared and collapsed in the Indus Valley during the early and middle Bronze Age. The 14C record highlights a fourfold increase in sedimentation rate at ~5380 cal. yr BP. The short duration of this event (~220 years) suggests a steep regional increase in erosion at the beginning of the Bronze Age. Factor analysis of downcore changes in geochemistry identified two distinct detrital components dominated by silt and clay, respectively, and a component characteristic of chemical erosion. This interpretation is consistent with sediment mineralogy. Comparison with the known climatic record indicates that increased erosion rate at 5380 cal. yr BP around the Arabian Sea is because of the advent of farming. The development of tillage associated with both wheat and barley crops and animal husbandry was favored by trade between Mesopotamia and India. Human activities, therefore, were the trigger of major changes in the sedimentological and geochemical records at sea at the onset of the Bronze Age.


2020 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 447-490
Author(s):  
Brina Škvor Jernejčič

AbstractThe article considers cremation graves from the site of Podsmreka near Višnja Gora (Slovenia). Based on the analysis of their pottery, it could be shown that the graves can be dated to the Middle Bronze Age period (Br B2/C1) and thus represent one of the oldest cremation burials of the Bronze Age in Slovenia. First, the ceramic finds from the radiocarbon dated settlement contexts are discussed in order to reach a more exact chronological framework for the vessel forms from graves. A synthesis of all Middle Bronze Age graves, both inhumations and cremations, from central and eastern Slovenia allows us to get a better understanding of when the change in burial practices occurred. Surprisingly, the best analogies for the vessels from graves at Podsmreka near Višnja Gora can be found in the northern Carpathian Basin, where we observe a long-standing tradition of cremation burials. The analysis of radiocarbon samples from two graves from Šafárikovo in Slovakia allowed us to verify the absolute chronology of urn amphorae vessels with particular form and decoration, which we can date between the second half of the 16th and the first half of the 15th century BC. Such astonishing correspondences in the pottery between the northern Carpathian Basin and the south-eastern Alpine region seem to indicate that the very area of the Upper Tisza river, and the territory of the Piliny Culture, played a crucial role in the transmission of new burial practices, not only to Slovenia, but also across wider areas along the Sava and Drava rivers on the distribution area of the Virovitica group.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaping Zhang ◽  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Songmei Hu ◽  
Xinying Zhou ◽  
Linjing Liu ◽  
...  

Eastern and Western Asia were important centers for the domestication of plants and animals and they developed different agricultural practices and systems. The timing, routeway and mechanisms of the exchanges between the two centers have long been important scientific issues. The development of a mixed pastoral system (e.g., with the rearing of sheep, goats and cattle) and millet cultivation in the steppe region of northern China was the result of the link between the two cultures. However, little detailed information is available about the precise timing and mechanisms involved in this mixture of pastoralism and millet cultivation. To try to address the issue, we analyzed the pollen, fungal spores and phytolith contents of soil samples from the Bronze Age Zhukaigou site in the steppe area of North China, which was combined with AMS 14C dating of charcoal, millet and animal bones. A mixed pastoralism and millet agricultural system appeared at the site between 4,000 and 3,700 cal yr BP, and the intensity of animal husbandry increased in the later stage of occupation. Published data indicate that domestic sheep/goats appeared across a wide area of the steppe region of northern China after ∼4,000 cal yr BP. A comparison of records of sheep/goat rearing and paleoclimatic records from monsoon area in China leads us to conclude that the mixture of pastoralism and millet cultivation was promoted by the occurrence of drought events during 4,200–4,000 cal yr BP. Moreover, we suggest that mixed rainfed agriculture and animal husbandry increased the adaptability and resilience of the inhabitants of the region which enabled them to occupy the relatively arid environment of the monsoon marginal area of northern China.


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-53
Author(s):  
J. Bayarsaikhan ◽  

The autochthonous community of Central Asia, including Mongolia, is based on a nomadic culture, the origins of which go back to the paleoculture, the Bronze Age. The article is devoted to the topic of Central Asia - study drawings, petroglyphs in the Late Bronze Age. On the deer stones, petroglyphs, logograms depicting heavenly bodies (sun, moon), hunting and labor tools, wild and domestic animals, fish, as well as the so-called «pair fish» of which were found during archaeological work in Mongolia, South Siberia, Central Asia. The article notes that in the depicted figures, logos reflected the «world view» of the ancient people, their mythology and ideology, understanding of the world and nature. Some artifacts of the paleoculture discovered during archaeological excavations are still kept in the National Museum of Mongolia. Exploring the artefacts of paleoculture, the author makes his own contribution to the study of the cultural origins of Central Asia.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document