scholarly journals Analysis of the Territorial Efficiency of European Funds as an Instrument to Reduce Labor Gender Differences

Economies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Miguel Blanco ◽  
Lydia Bares ◽  
Oksana Hrynevych ◽  
Marcos Ferasso
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
European Union ◽  
Data Envelopment Analysis ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Equal Treatment ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Previous Period ◽  
Over Time

Gender equality has been one of the goals of the European Union since 1957. Article 157 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union authorizes the European Parliament and the Council to adopt all those measures that guarantee the application of the principle of equality opportunities and equal treatment for men and women in employment and occupation matters. The main goal of this article was to determine whether the use of European Funds by Eurozone countries has made it possible to reduce labor differences in gender matters. To this end, the efficiency levels of the Funds are analyzed in two different periods, 2007 to 2013 and 2014 to 2020. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), a methodology frequently used by researchers in efficiency analyses, was applied. Among the main conclusions obtained are that the efficiency levels from the period 2014 to 2020 have been higher than that obtained in the previous period, but there are significant and persistent differences over time in the levels of gender efficiency between the different countries of the Eurozone.

‘Since I retired, I can take things as they come. For example, the laundry’: gender, class and freedom in retirement in Switzerland

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 1556-1580 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARION REPETTI ◽  
TONI CALASANTI
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
European Union ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Population Ageing ◽  
Active Ageing ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Reform Policy ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Gender Division Of Labour

ABSTRACTPopulation ageing has led many countries to be concerned about the ‘economic burden’ of elders, and several have adopted the active ageing paradigm to reform policy. However, gender differences that moderate the effect of active ageing have been little considered. As in other nations in the European Union, Swiss federal authorities use the active ageing paradigm to reshape ageing policies, including the provision of incentives to seniors to remain in the labour market. At the same time, many recent and proposed changes draw on the assumption of gender equality, even though actual parity has not yet been demonstrated. We know little about how gender shapes retirement in Switzerland, other than in relation to financial inequality between women and men. Qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews conducted with Swiss retirees (N = 15) shows how men and women describe this time of life differently. All respondents characterised retirement as a time of freedom; but the meaning of such freedom diverged for men and women, reflecting the gender division of labour, which is further shaped by class. We discuss the implications of this difference for the gendered consequences of active ageing policies.

27. Discrimination

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorna Woods ◽  
Philippa Watson ◽  
Marios Costa
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Equal Treatment ◽  
Occupational Pension ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Equal Pay ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Equal Work

This chapter examines European Union (EU) law on discrimination. It provides an overview of provisions on gender equality and discusses equal pay for equal work under Article 157 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). The chapter explains the principles of equal treatment in self-employment, social security matters and occupational pension schemes, and also discusses the provisions of Directives 2004/113, Directive 2000/43 and Directive 2000/78.

scholarly journals Measurement of Environmental Efficiency in the Countries of the European Union with the Enhanced Data Envelopment Analysis Method (DEA) during the Period 2005–2012

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Manuel Jesús Hermoso-Orzáez ◽  
Miriam García-Alguacil ◽  
Julio Terrados-Cepeda ◽  
Paulo Brito
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Data Envelopment Analysis ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Environmental Policies ◽  
Environmental Efficiency ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
New Variant ◽  
Dea Method

In recent years there has been growing interest in measuring the environmental efficiency of the different territories, countries and/or nations. This has led to the development of different methods applied to the evaluation of environmental efficiency such as the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method. This method, supported by different studies, allows measuring relative environmental efficiency and is consolidated as a very reliable method to measure the effectiveness of environmental policies in a specific geographical area. The objective of our study is the calculation of the environmental efficiency of the 28 member countries of the European Union (EU) through the DEA method. We will collect the data regarding the last years in which there are reliable comparative data in all. We will study in reference to them, the results of the environmental policies applied in the different countries, in order to make comparisons between countries and classify them according to their environmental efficiency. Using this, two variants of calculation within the DEA method to compare in a contrasted way the results of environmental efficiency for the 28 countries of the European Union (EU) analyzed and propose possible solutions for improvement. Contributing in this work as main novelty the application of a new variant of the DEA Method, which we will call Improved Analysis Method (MAN) and that aims to agglutinate and assess more objectively, the results of the two DEA methods applied. The results show that there are 14 of the 28 countries that have a high relative environmental efficiency. However, we also find countries with very low environmental efficiency that should improve in the coming years. Coinciding precisely in this last group with countries recently admitted to the EU and where environmental policies have not yet been applied effectively and with positive results.

25. Equal Treatment and Non-Discrimination

EU Law ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 929-994
Author(s):  
Paul Craig ◽  
Gráinne de Búrca
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Ethnic Origin ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Equal Treatment ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Charter Of Fundamental Rights ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Eu

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter discusses EU anti-discrimination law, which, over the past decade and a half, has expanded significantly to cover a wide range of grounds and contexts. In addition to requiring equal treatment for women and men, the Treaty provides legislative competence to combat discrimination on a range of grounds. The Charter of Fundamental Rights, which has a chapter devoted to equality, has been incorporated into the EU Treaties. Article 21 of the Charter prohibits discrimination on any ground. Articles 8 and 10 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) contain horizontal clauses requiring the EU to promote equality between men and women, and to combat discrimination based on certain grounds, namely sex, racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age, or sexual orientation in all of its policies and activities. The UK version contains a further section analysing issues concerning EU discrimination law and the UK post-Brexit.

scholarly journals The Selected Aspects of Gender Equality in European Union

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (19) ◽  
pp. 411-422
Author(s):  
Monika Krošláková ◽  
Radoslava Mečiar
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
European Union ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Public Life ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
Financial Evaluation ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Current State ◽  
Laws And Regulations

Abstract Despite the laws and regulations that should ensure equal gender treatment, women are still disadvantaged in all businesses and public sector. This discrimination is manifested particularly in the approach to jobs, financial evaluation, political nominations and opportunities of developing their abilities regardless of gender. The gender differences in work and public life remain even today the most visible evidence of inequality between men and women in our society. The gender equality is one of the fundamental principles of EU law and all its member countries committed to be in the compliance with it. This article reviews the current state of gender equality in EU.

Protecting Women’s Rights and Ensuring Gender Equality

De Jure ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Valcheva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Women's Rights ◽  
International Community ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Women’S Rights ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Eu

In recent decades, the international community and the European Union have paid increasing attention to ensuring a sufficiently good level of protection of women’s rights. To achieve this level, international and European bodies and institutions should draw up and adopt various acts and instruments aimed at ensuring the fundamental principle of gender equality. For example, in European Union law, the principle of equality between men and women is reflected in Articles 2 and 3 (3) of the Treaty on European Union (TEU). These provisions explicitly state that the EU is based on certain values, including equality, and specifically promote equality between men and women. The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) also provides for a separate provision which entrusts the Community with the task, in all its activities, of striving to eliminate inequalities and to promote equality between men and women (Article 8 of the TFEU). Next, Article 21 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights prohibits all forms of discrimination, including on the grounds of sex. In addition to the provisions of primary law, the EU seeks to ensure the principle under analysis by adopting strategies and programs of different scope and content. The Member States of the European Union, including the Republic of Bulgaria, also actively promote respect for the principle of gender equality. Explicit guarantees for its provision are contained in the legislation of the Member States, including at the constitutional level. Despite the measures taken on a global, European and national scale, the unequal treatment of women around the world persists. Most often, differences in the treatment of men and women are observed in the social sphere, employment and pay, healthcare, access to education, political, economic and social activities. The existence of these differences leads to the conclusion that it is necessary for the international community, the European Union and its Member States to adopt and implement even more targeted actions, policies and measures to ensure adequate protection of women’s rights.

EFFECTIVENESS AND COMPETITIVENESS OF FAMILY FARMS IN THE SUBREGION OF BYDGOSZCZ

2018 ◽  
Vol XX (4) ◽  
pp. 168-175
Author(s):  
Roman Sass
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Data Envelopment Analysis ◽  
Value Creation ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Development Capacity ◽  
Dea Method ◽  
Non Parametric

The paper aims to determining the farms’ capabilities to develop measured with their technical and financial effectiveness as well as the investments’ net volume. The research covers the farms from the Bydgoszcz’s sub-region (former province of Bydgoszcz) which prior to accession to the European Union took advantage of preferential loans. At the same time in the years 2004-2015 they uninterruptedly conducted accountancy in the Polish FADN system. The technical effectiveness of the farms has been determined with the use of the non-parametric DEA method – Data Envelopment Analysis, while for the purposes of the financial standing of farms’ analysts, there has been used the value creation index. In order to determine farms’ development capacity (competitive farms) the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) modified matrix has been applied. It results from the conducted studies, that in the best situation are the farms which have been rated among the group of leaders, as were characterised by the highest technical and financial effectiveness and also the highest level of net investments. The endangered farms are in the worst situation. In spite of the fact that these farms’ technical effectiveness was high, the developmental restrictions result from low scale of production. Competitiveness of farms is closely connected with their area.

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