scholarly journals A Resource Oriented Route Selection Framework Using Contextual Information Based on Fuzzy Logic

Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khadak Singh Bhandari ◽  
Gi Hwan Cho
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Objective Function ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Network Dynamics ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Smart Devices ◽  
Route Selection ◽  
Network Simulator ◽  
Lossy Networks

Internet of Things (IoT) is expected to have a significant impact on city’s service provisioning and make a smart city more accessible and pragmatic since the deployment of heterogeneous smart devices in each infrastructure of cities is increasing. So far, the IPv6 routing protocol for low power and lossy networks (RPL) is considered to fit on IoT infrastructure for achieving the expected network requirements. While RPL meets the IoT network requirements quite well, there are some issues that need to be addressed, such as adaptability to network dynamics. This issue significantly limits the use of RPL in many smart city application scenarios, such as emergency alerts with high traffic flows. As part of a smart city vision, IoT applications are becoming more diverse, which requires context-awareness in routing protocols to support the behavior of the network. To address this issue, we design an objective function that performs the route selection based on fuzzy logic techniques while using contextual information from the application. For this, we present a new context-oriented objective function (COOF) that comprises both nodes as well as link metrics. Further, we suggest two new routing metrics, known as queue fluctuation index (QFI) and residual energy index (REI), which consider the status of queue utilization and remaining energy, respectively. The metrics used are designed to respond to the dynamic needs of the network. The proposed approach has been examined and evaluated in different scenarios when compared to other similar approach and default RPL objective functions. Simulation experiments are conducted in Cooja network simulator for Contiki OS. The evaluation results show that COOF can cope with network dynamics and IoT-based smart city application requirements.

scholarly journals Optimizing RPL performance based on the selection of best route between child and root node using E-MHOF method

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 224
Author(s):  
Ahmed R. Zarzoor
Keyword(s):  
Objective Function ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Path Selection ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Root Node ◽  
Parent Selection ◽  
A New Technique ◽  
Two Parameters

IETF has proposed the routing protocol for low power and lossy networks (RPL) for IOT as view as light weight routing protocol. In RPL, the objective function (OF) is used to select the best route between child and root node. Several researches have been conducted in order to, enhance OF according to number parameters such as number of hops, remaining energy and expected number of transmissions (ETX), without a consideration to other challenges such as congestion node problem and latency. So, to overcome these challenges a new technique called “Enhance-Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function (MHOF)” is proposed in this paper, to select the ideal path between the child and root node. The technique is consisted of three layers: parent selection layer in which parent is selected based on three parameters (ETX, RSSI and nodes’ residual energy), path selection layer in which the best route is chosen according to the minimum of (average ETX value) and maximum of (average remaining energy value) of all nodes in the selected route. The last layer is child node minimization, which utilized to solve the congestion node energy problem by using two parameters (RSSI reference and threshold value). The proposed method has been implemented and evaluated by using Cooja simulator software. The simulation results have shown that selected path with E-MHOF is increased the network lifetime and reduced latency in comparison with MHOF.

A Fuzzy Logic-Based Method for Incorporating Ethics in the Internet of Things

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 98-122
Author(s):  
Sahil Sholla ◽  
Roohie Naaz Mir ◽  
Mohammad Ahsan Chishti
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Research Direction ◽  
Smart Devices ◽  
Learning Mechanisms ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Smart Transportation ◽  
Smart Healthcare ◽  
Human Ethics ◽  
Smart Things

IoT is expected to have far-reaching consequences on society due to a wide spectrum of applications like smart healthcare, smart transportation, smart agriculture, smart home, etc. However, ethical considerations of AI-enabled smart devices have not been duly considered from a design perspective. In this paper, the authors propose a novel fuzzy logic-based method to incorporate ethics within smart things of IoT. Ethical considerations relevant to a machine context are represented in terms of fuzzy ethics variables (FEVs) and ethics rules. For each ethics rule, a value called scaled ethics value (SEV) is used to indicate its ethical desirability. In order to model flexibility in ethical response, the authors employ the concept of ethics modes that selectively allow scenarios depending on the value of SEV. The method offers a viable mechanism for smart devices to imbue ethical sensitivity that can pave the way for a technology society amenable to human ethics. However, the method does not account for varying ethics, as such incorporating learning mechanisms represent a promising research direction.

scholarly journals Performance of Static Iot Networks using RPL Objective Functions

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 8972-8977 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Objective Function ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Algorithms ◽  
Transmission Protocol ◽  
Objective Functions ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Hop Count ◽  
Efficient Data ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Better Than

Internet of Things, abbreviated as IoT is a network used mainly for the communication where different devices are connected for the retrieval, examination and execution of the necessary task. One of IoT’s biggest challenge is that, they are resource-constrained. Hence, it is essential to use an efficient data transmission protocol for routing. An effective routing protocol for static IoT network is the Routing protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL). It is essential to assess the effectiveness of the RPL with the selection of best objective function for different static model. In this paper, the performance of different routing algorithms is compared in connection with different static topologies. Hence, the objective function’s performance is compared for different topologies i.e., Butterfly, Ring and Umbrella topologies. We consider two objective functions: namely Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function (MRHOF) and Objective Function Zero (OF0). MRHOF considers Expected Transmission Count (ETX) as its metric and the metric considered under OF0 is hop count. It is observed that the objective function OF0 performs better than MRHOF for the metric of energy and successful receiving of data.

Smart cities: existing security problems and their solutions

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 16-20
Author(s):  
Vugar Hajimahmud Abdullayev ◽  
◽  
Vusala Alyag Abuzarova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Cyber Security ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Smart Devices ◽  
The Internet ◽  
It Industry ◽  
Internet Of Things Technology

The article is devoted to the study of cyber security problems in the Smart Cities system. The development of the IT industry has led to the introduction of new technologies into our lives. One of these technologies is the Internet of Things technology. The application of IoT technology has increased in recent years. One of the most important areas in which Internet of Things technology is applied is the Smart Cities system. The main difference between smart cities and other cities is that their components are connected to each other via the Internet. All these smart devices create a smart city system in general. One of the biggest and most important problems in many areas where the Internet is used is security. The article looks at possible security problems in the system of smart cities and solutions to ensure cyber security. Key words: Smart city; Internet of Things; Information technologies; Security; Cyber security

scholarly journals Digital Twin and CyberGIS for Improving Connectivity and Measuring the Impact of Infrastructure Construction Planning in Smart Cities

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Shirowzhan ◽  
Willie Tan ◽  
Samad M. E. Sepasgozar
Keyword(s):  
Smart City ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Smart Devices ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Infrastructure Project ◽  
Smart Technologies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Smart technologies are advancing, and smart cities can be made smarter by increasing the connectivity and interactions of humans, the environment, and smart devices. This paper discusses selective technologies that can potentially contribute to developing an intelligent environment and smarter cities. While the connectivity and efficiency of smart cities is important, the analysis of the impact of construction development and large projects in the city is crucial to decision and policy makers, before the project is approved. This raises the question of assessing the impact of a new infrastructure project on the community prior to its commencement—what type of technologies can potentially be used for creating a virtual representation of the city? How can a smart city be improved by utilizing these technologies? There are a wide range of technologies and applications available but understanding their function, interoperability, and compatibility with the community requires more discussion around system designs and architecture. These questions can be the basis of developing an agenda for further investigations. In particular, the need for advanced tools such as mobile scanners, Geospatial Artificial Intelligence, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, Geospatial Augmented Reality apps, Light Detection, and Ranging in smart cities is discussed. In line with smart city technology development, this Special Issue includes eight accepted articles covering trending topics, which are briefly reviewed.

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