scholarly journals Estimating Air Density Using Observations and Re-Analysis Outputs for Wind Energy Purposes

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 2038 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rogier Floors ◽  
Morten Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Resource Assessment ◽  
Current Version ◽  
Wind Resource Assessment ◽  
Industry Standard ◽  
Air Density ◽  
Wind Resource ◽  
Power Curves

A method to estimate air density as a function of elevation for wind energy resource assessments is presented. The current practice of using nearby measurements of pressure and temperature is compared with a method that uses re-analysis data. It is found that using re-analysis data to estimate air density gives similar or smaller mean absolute errors compared to using measurements that were on average located 40 km away. A method to interpolate power curves that are valid for different air densities is presented. The new model is implemented in the industry-standard model for wind resource assessment and compared with the current version of that model and shown to lead to more accurate assessment of the air density at different elevations.

Wind Resource Assessment Using a Mesoscale Model: The Effect of Horizontal Resolution

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Jafari ◽  
T. Sommer ◽  
N. Chokani ◽  
R. S. Abhari
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Complex Terrain ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Weather Prediction ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Resource Assessment ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Wind Resource Assessment ◽  
Wind Resource ◽  
Horizontal Grid

Prospecting for wind farm sites and pre-development studies of wind energy projects require knowledge of the wind energy resource over large areas (that is, areas of the order of 10’000 km2 and greater). One approach to detail this wind resource is the use of mesoscale numerical weather prediction models. In this paper, the mesoscale Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used to examine the effect of horizontal grid resolution on the fidelity of the predictions of the wind resource. The simulations are made for three test cases, Switzerland (land area 39’770 km2), Iowa (land area 145,743 km2) and Oregon (land area 248’647 km2), representing a range of terrain types, from complex terrain to flat terrain, over the period from 2006–2010. On the basis of comparisons to the data from meteorological masts and tall communication towers, guidelines are given for the horizontal grid required in the use of mesoscale models of large area wind resource assessment, especially over complex terrain.

scholarly journals Offshore Wind Energy Resource Assessment from Satellite Data Observations and WRF in Porto Santo Island

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabiola S. Pereira ◽  
Carlos S. Silva
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Weibull Distribution ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Resource Assessment ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Offshore Wind Energy ◽  
Wind Resource Assessment ◽  
Wind Resource

Abstract. The vast majority of isolated electricity production systems such as Islands depends on fossil fuels. Porto Santo Island, a Portuguese UNESCO Biosphere Reserve candidate from Madeira Archipelago situated in the Atlantic Ocean, aims to become a sustainable territory in order to reduce its carbon footprint. A sustainable pathway goes through the integration of renewable energy in the electricity production system, in particular, the potential of offshore wind energy. The scope of this work has three main purposes: (1) the offshore wind resource assessment in Porto Santo Island, (2) the determination of a zone of interest regarding the combination of different parameters such us the bathymetry, distance to the coastline and integrated in the national situation plan of maritime space (3) the estimation of the annual energy production from the best-fitted Weibull Distribution. In the first place, a methodology for data analysis was defined processing netcdf data regarding a ten year wind hindcast from WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) atmospheric model at 100 m above mean sea level from Ocean Observatory, annual and monthly mean offshore wind energy resource maps were created and a comparison with about 20 year times series of surface winds derived from remotely satellite scatterometer observations at different locations was made. Results show that the average annual mean wind speeds reach the range of 6.6–7.6 m/s in specific areas, situated in the northern part of Porto Santo Island with a Weibull distribution shape parameter (k) of 2.4–2.9. Based on the results, the wind resource assessment, the estimation of the annual wind energy production and capacity factors were calculated from the best-fitted Weibull distribution for each of the geographical coordinates selected. Comparisons with observational data show that WRF model is a proficient wind generating tool. The technical energy production potential and a priority zoning for offshore wind power development is performed using wind turbine generators of 3.3 MW–8.0 MW capacity, that could generate between 12 and 26 GWh of energy per year, while avoiding CO2 emissions. The results show that an offshore wind farm plan is an eligible choice, with an average annual wind power density reaching about 300  W/m2 at 100 m height in the north region.

Practical Wind Resource Assessment for Tayside Region in Scotland

1995 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-381
Author(s):  
G.S. Saluja ◽  
N.G. Douglas
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Resource Assessment ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Wind Resource Assessment ◽  
Planning Policy ◽  
Policy Guideline ◽  
Wind Energy Development ◽  
Wind Resource

This paper presents the results of a study which estimates the practical wind energy resource for the Tayside Region of Scotland. The study considered all technical, environmental and legislative factors relevant to wind energy development. Due consideration was also given to National Planning Policy Guideline (NPPG6): Renewable Energy and Planning Advice Note 45 (PAN45): Renewable Energy Technology, issued by the Scottish Office Environment Department, in addition to the policies of the planning authorities within Tayside with regards to such matters as development in National Scenic Areas and other designated areas. An area of 1290 km2 was identified as being the minimum practical resource which is free from environmental and technical constraints and which has sufficiently high wind speeds to make extraction of energy from the wind commercially viable. This area could accommodate an installed wind energy capacity of 9675 MW and produce 24.6 TWh of wind generated electricity per annum.

scholarly journals Lidar uncertainty and beam averaging correction

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Giyanani ◽  
W. Bierbooms ◽  
G. van Bussel
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Complex Terrain ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Resource Assessment ◽  
International Guideline ◽  
Wind Resource Assessment ◽  
Draft Version ◽  
Wind Resource ◽  
Atmospheric Variables

Abstract. Remote sensing of the atmospheric variables with the use of Lidar is a relatively new technology field for wind resource assessment in wind energy. A review of the draft version of an international guideline (CD IEC 61400-12-1 Ed.2) used for wind energy purposes is performed and some extra atmospheric variables are taken into account for proper representation of the site. A measurement campaign with two Leosphere vertical scanning WindCube Lidars and metmast measurements is used for comparison of the uncertainty in wind speed measurements using the CD IEC 61400-12-1 Ed.2. The comparison revealed higher but realistic uncertainties. A simple model for Lidar beam averaging correction is demonstrated for understanding deviation in the measurements. It can be further applied for beam averaging uncertainty calculations in flat and complex terrain.

scholarly journals Uncertainty Analysis in MCP-Based Wind Resource Assessment and Energy Production Estimation

2008 ◽  
Vol 130 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew A. Lackner ◽  
Anthony L. Rogers ◽  
James F. Manwell
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Closed Form Solution ◽  
Resource Assessment ◽  
Form Solution ◽  
Mathematical Framework ◽  
Site Assessment ◽  
Wind Resource Assessment ◽  
Uncertainty Sources ◽  
Wind Resource

This paper presents a mathematical framework to properly account for uncertainty in wind resource assessment and wind energy production estimation. A meteorological tower based wind measurement campaign is considered exclusively, in which measure-correlate-predict is used to estimate the long-term wind resource. The evaluation of a wind resource and the subsequent estimation of the annual energy production (AEP) is a highly uncertain process. Uncertainty arises at all points in the process, from measuring the wind speed to the uncertainty in a power curve. A proper assessment of uncertainty is critical for judging the feasibility and risk of a potential wind energy development. The approach in this paper provides a framework for an accurate and objective accounting of uncertainty and, therefore, better decision making when assessing a potential wind energy site. It does not investigate the values of individual uncertainty sources. Three major aspects of site assessment uncertainty are presented here. First, a method is presented for combining uncertainty that arises in assessing the wind resource. Second, methods for handling uncertainty sources in wind turbine power output and energy losses are presented. Third, a new method for estimating the overall AEP uncertainty when using a Weibull distribution is presented. While it is commonly assumed that the uncertainty in the wind resource should be scaled by a factor between 2 and 3 to yield the uncertainty in the AEP, this work demonstrates that this assumption is an oversimplification and also presents a closed form solution for the sensitivity factors of the Weibull parameters.

Urban wind resource assessment in changing climate: Case study

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Djordje Romanic ◽  
Ashkan Rasouli ◽  
Horia Hangan
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Resource Assessment ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Wind Resource Assessment ◽  
Changing Climate ◽  
Energy Maps ◽  
Wind Resource ◽  
The City

Urban wind resource assessment in changing climate has not been studied so far. This study presents a methodology for microscale numerical modelling of urban wind resource assessment in changing climate. The methodology is applied for a specific urban development in the city of Toronto, ON, Canada. It is shown that the speed of the southwest winds, that is, the most frequent winds increased for .8 m s−1 in the period from 1948 to 2015. The generated wind energy maps are used to estimate the influences of climate change on the available wind energy. It is shown that the geometry of irregularly spaced and located obstacles in urban environments has to be taken into consideration when performing studies on urban wind resource assessment in changing climate. In the analysed urban environment, peak speeds are more affected by climate change than the mean speeds.

scholarly journals An Overview of Wind Resource Assessments With Special Reference to The Emirate of Ajman, UAE

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Kais Muhammed Fasel ◽  
Abdul Salam K. Darwish ◽  
Peter Farrell ◽  
Hussein Kazem
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Resource Assessment ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Onshore Wind ◽  
Wind Resource Assessment ◽  
Wind Potential ◽  
The Government ◽  
Wind Resource

The continuous increase in clean energy demand and reduced CO2 emissions in the UAE and specifically the Emirate of Ajman has put an extreme challenge to the Government. Ajman is one of the seven emirates constituting the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Ajman is located along the Arabian Gulf on its West and bordered by the Emirate of Sharjah on its North, South, and East. The government is taking huge steps in including sustainability principles and clean energy in all of its developments. Successful implementation of green architecture law decree No 10 of 2018 effectively is a sign of such an initiative. Renewable energy sources in this country have had two folds of interest in solar and wind. Recent research works supported the feasibility of using wind energy as an alternative clean source of energy. Site-specific and accurate wind speed information is the first step in the process of bankable wind potential and wind Atlas. This study has compared how wind speed and its distribution varies for similar offshore and onshore locations between two different mesoscale data sources. Also, discussed the main environmental characteristics of Ajman that would influence the implementation of a major wind energy project. In addition, the study made a brief critical overview of the major studies undertaken in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region on wind resource assessment. Finally, based on the results, the study makes conclusions, recommendations and a way forward for a bankable wind resources assessment in the Emirate of Ajman. This paper would alert the wind energy industry about the consequence of not considering the best error corrected site specific suitable wind resource data along with other environmental characteristics. The study results show that for offshore, there is 2.9 m/s and for Onshore 4.9 m/s variations in wind speed at the same location between ECMWF Reanalysis (ERA-5) and NASA Satellite data. Hence It is concluded that error corrected site-specific wind resource assessment is mandatory for assessing the available bankable wind potential since there are considerable variations in wind speed distributions between mesoscale data sets for similar locations. The study also identifies that the Emirate of Ajman has limited space for onshore wind farms; hence the offshore site seems to have good potential that can be utilised for energy generation. However, individual wind turbines can be installed for exploiting the available site-specific onshore wind energy. Finally, the study recommends a way forward for a comprehensive wind resource assessment to help the Emirate of Ajman form a sustainable wind power generation policy.

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