scholarly journals Investigation of the Physico-Chemical Properties of the Products Obtained after Mixed Organic-Inorganic Leaching of Spent Li-Ion Batteries

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 6732
Author(s):  
Weronika Urbańska ◽  
Magdalena Osial
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Glutaric Acid ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Li Ion Batteries ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Widespread Application ◽  
Portable Electronics ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Li Ion

Lithium-ion batteries are currently one of the most important mobile energy storage units for portable electronics such as laptops, tablets, smartphones, etc. Their widespread application leads to the generation of large amounts of waste, so their recycling plays an important role in environmental policy. In this work, the process of leaching with sulfuric acid for the recovery of metals from spent Li-ion batteries in the presence of glutaric acid and hydrogen peroxide as reducing agents is presented. Experimental results indicate that glutaric-acid application improves the leaching performance compared to the use of just hydrogen peroxide under the same conditions. Obtained samples of leaching residues after mixed inorganic-organic leaching were characterized with Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction.

scholarly journals Recovery of Co, Li, and Ni from Spent Li-Ion Batteries by the Inorganic and/or Organic Reducer Assisted Leaching Method

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weronika Urbańska
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Glutaric Acid ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Reducing Agent ◽  
Li Ion Batteries ◽  
Reductive Leaching ◽  
Li Ion ◽  
H2o2 Solution

The battery powder (anodic and cathodic mass) manually separated from spent Li-ion batteries used in laptops was subjected to acidic reductive leaching to recover the Co, Li, and Ni contained in it. In the laboratory experiments, 1.5 M sulfuric acid was used as the leaching agent and the reducing agents were 30% H2O2 solution or/and glutaric acid. Glutaric acid is a potential new reducing agent in the leaching process of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The influence of the type of the used reducer on obtained recovery degrees of Co, Li, and Ni as well as the synergism of the two tested reducing compounds were analyzed. As a result, it was determined that it is possible to efficiently hydrometallurgically separate Co, Li, and Ni from battery powder into solutions. The highest recovery degrees of the investigated metals (Co: 87.85%; Li: 99.91%; Ni: 91.46%) were obtained for samples where two reducers, perhydrol and glutaric acid, were added, thus confirming the assumed synergic action of H2O2 and C5H8O4 in a given reaction environment.

Modeling of Multi-Cell Lithium-Ion Battery Packs for Electric Vehicles Considering Effects of Manufacturing Processes

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chongye Wang ◽  
Yong Wang ◽  
Lin Li ◽  
Hua Shao ◽  
Changxu Wu
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Manufacturing Processes ◽  
Li Ion Batteries ◽  
Li Ion Battery ◽  
Battery Packs ◽  
Li Ion ◽  
Multiple Cells

Electric vehicle (EV) technologies have received great attention due to the potential contributions to relieving the energy dependence on petroleum and reducing carbon dioxide emissions. The advancement of EV technologies greatly relies on the development of battery technologies. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have recently become the main choice as the power source for major EV manufacturers. Previous research on EV Li-ion batteries is mainly focused on materials and chemical properties of single cells, while the effects of manufacturing processes on the performance of entire battery packs have almost been neglected. In practice, EV batteries are used in packs containing multiple cells, which may not be ideally manufactured. This research proposes a novel modeling method for analyzing the effects of manufacturing processes on the dynamics of EV Li-ion battery packs. The method will help engineers gain a deeper understanding of the roles of manufacturing processes in improving EV Li-ion battery performance.

scholarly journals Spatially Resolved Operando Synchrotron-Based X-Ray Diffraction Measurements of Ni-Rich Cathodes for Li-Ion Batteries

2022 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Stephen Leach ◽  
Alice V. Llewellyn ◽  
Chao Xu ◽  
Chun Tan ◽  
Thomas M. M. Heenan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Capacity ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Li Ion Batteries ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Spatially Resolved ◽  
Electrochemical Cycling ◽  
Li Ion

Understanding the performance of commercially relevant cathode materials for lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries is vital to realize the potential of high-capacity materials for automotive applications. Of particular interest is the spatial variation of crystallographic behavior across (what can be) highly inhomogeneous electrodes. In this work, a high-resolution X-ray diffraction technique was used to obtain operando transmission measurements of Li-ion pouch cells to measure the spatial variances in the cell during electrochemical cycling. Through spatially resolved investigations of the crystallographic structures, the distribution of states of charge has been elucidated. A larger portion of the charging is accounted for by the central parts, with the edges and corners delithiating to a lesser extent for a given average electrode voltage. The cells were cycled to different upper cutoff voltages (4.2 and 4.3 V vs. graphite) and C-rates (0.5, 1, and 3C) to study the effect on the structure of the NMC811 cathode. By combining this rapid data collection method with a detailed Rietveld refinement of degraded NMC811, the spatial dependence of the degradation caused by long-term cycling (900 cycles) has also been shown. The variance shown in the pristine measurements is exaggerated in the aged cells with the edges and corners offering an even lower percentage of the charge. Measurements collected at the very edge of the cell have also highlighted the importance of electrode alignment, with a misalignment of less than 0.5 mm leading to significantly reduced electrochemical activity in that area.

scholarly journals SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LITHIUM TITANATE (LTO) NANOCOMPOSITES VIA SOLUTION GROWTH ROUTE FOR Li-ION BATTERIES

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
Selvamurugan M ◽  
Dhilip Kumar R ◽  
Karthikeyan C ◽  
Karuppuchamy S
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Lithium Titanate ◽  
Solution Growth ◽  
Li Ion Batteries ◽  
Ion Diffusion ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Lithium Storage ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Li Ion

The novel bimetal oxide composite of Li4Ti5O12 was successfully synthesized by solution growth technique. The structural and microstructural properties of synthesized powders were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourrier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy,scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray-spectroscopy (EDX). The electrochemical performance of the Li4Ti5O12 anode was investigated using galvanostatic charge-discharge techniques. The electrochemical property of the Lithium titanate anode was investigated. The good electrochemicalperformance is ascribed to the stable lithium storage host structure, decreased electrochemical resistance and enhanced lithium-ion diffusion coefficient. Therefore, Li4Ti5O12 may be a promising alternative anode material for Li-ion batteries.

Study on Composite of Porous Si and Disordered Carbon as Anode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries

2012 ◽  
Vol 608-609 ◽  
pp. 1327-1330
Author(s):  
Jing Wang ◽  
Jia Li ◽  
Feng Wu ◽  
Shi Chen
Keyword(s):  
Discharge Capacity ◽  
Anode Materials ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Li Ion Batteries ◽  
Porous Si ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Improved Stability ◽  
Disordered Carbon ◽  
Li Ion

Silicon and related materials have recently received considerable attention as potential anodes in Li-ion batteries for their high theoretical specific capacities. To overcome the problem of volume change , composites comprising porous silicon, disordered carbon (DC) have been prepared by pyrolyzing the critic acid. This composite anode material showed a discharge capacity of 1390 mAh/g in the first cycle, and the initial columbic efficiency is 70%. After 20 cycles, the discharge capacity of the material is 511 mAh/g. The improved stability of this material is hypothesized to depend on the unique structure of porous Si and the coated DC. The morphologies of the composites were systematically investigated by the X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. It can be observed that porous Si particles were embedded into the matrix of the DC. The capacity and cycling stability of the composites were systematically evaluated by electrochemical charge/discharge tests.

Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide on nickel-silver two-component catalyst

1984 ◽  
Vol 49 (10) ◽  
pp. 2222-2230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viliam Múčka ◽  
Rostislav Silber
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Silver Ions ◽  
Surface Concentration ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Nickel Silver ◽  
Silver Catalysts ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Defective Crystal

The catalytic and physico-chemical properties of low-temperature nickel-silver catalysts with nickel oxide concentrations up to 43.8% (m/m) are examined via decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in aqueous solution. The mixed catalysts prepared at 250°C are composed of partly decomposed silver carbonate or oxide and nickel carbonate or hydroxide decomposed to a low degree only and exhibiting a very defective crystal structure. The activity of these catalysts is determined by the surface concentration of silver ions, which is affected by the nickel component present. The latter also contributes to the thermal stability of the catalytic centres of the silver component, viz. the Ag+ ions. The concentration of these ions varies with the temperature of the catalyst treatment, the activity varies qualitatively in the same manner, and the system approaches the Ag-NiO composition. The catalytic centres are very susceptible to poisoning by chloride ions. A previous exposition of the catalyst to a gamma dose of 10 kGy from a 60Co source has no measurable effect on the physico-chemical properties of the system.

scholarly journals Experimental and Physico-Chemical Comparison of ZnO Nanoparticles’ Activity for Photocatalytic Applications in Wastewater Treatment

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 678
Author(s):  
Stefano Alberti ◽  
Irene Basciu ◽  
Marco Vocciante ◽  
Maurizio Ferretti
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Zno Nanoparticles ◽  
Energy Dispersive Spectrometer ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Commercial Sample ◽  
Synthetic Process ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Photocatalytic Applications ◽  
Reflectance Measurements

In this contribution, the photoactivity upon activation by simulated sunlight of zinc oxide (ZnO) obtained from two different synthetic pathways (Acetate and Nitrate) is investigated for water purification. Different reagents and processes were exploited to obtain ZnO nanoparticles. Products have been characterized by means of X-Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy along with Energy Dispersive Spectrometer, Dynamic Light Scattering, and Diffuse Reflectance Measurements, to highlight the different outcomes ascribable to each synthesis. A comparison of characteristics and performances was also carried out with respect to commercial ZnO. Nanoparticles of this semiconductor can be obtained as aggregates with different degrees of purity, porosity, and shape, and their physical-chemical properties have been addressed to the specific use in wastewater treatment, testing their effectiveness on the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) as a model pollutant. Excluding the commercial sample, experimental results evidenced a better photocatalytic behavior for the ZnO Nitrate sample annealed at 500 °C, which was found to be pure and stable in water, suggesting that ZnO could be effectively exploited as a heterogeneous photocatalyst for the degradation of emerging pollutants in water, provided that thermal treatment is included in the synthetic process.

Overcharge protection of lithium-ion batteries with phenothiazine redox shuttles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan A. Odom
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Li Ion Batteries ◽  
Phenothiazine Derivatives ◽  
Redox Shuttles ◽  
Li Ion ◽  
Overcharge Protection

Overcharge protection of Li-ion batteries with a variety of phenothiazine derivatives.

scholarly journals Parameter optimization and yield prediction of cathode coating separation process for direct recycling of end-of-life lithium-ion batteries

RSC Advances ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (39) ◽  
pp. 24132-24136
Author(s):  
Liurui Li ◽  
Tairan Yang ◽  
Zheng Li
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Separation Process ◽  
Yield Prediction ◽  
Li Ion Batteries ◽  
Treatment Efficiency ◽  
Control Factors ◽  
Li Ion ◽  
Pre Treatment

The pre-treatment efficiency of the direct recycling strategy in recovering end-of-life Li-ion batteries is predicted with levels of control factors.

scholarly journals The Necessity of Recycling of Waste Li-Ion Batteries Used in Electric Vehicles as Objects Posing a Threat to Human Health and the Environment

Recycling ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Sobianowska-Turek ◽  
Weronika Urbańska ◽  
Anna Janicka ◽  
Maciej Zawiślak ◽  
Jędrzej Matla
Keyword(s):  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Li Ion Batteries ◽  
Customer Expectations ◽  
Lithium Ion Cells ◽  
Improper Use ◽  
Complex Chemical Composition ◽  
Li Ion ◽  
Legal Restrictions

The automotive industry is one of the fastest-growing sectors of the modern economy. Growing customer expectations, implementing solutions related to electromobility, and increasingly stringent legal restrictions in the field of environmental protection, determine the development and introduction of innovative technologies in the field of car production. To power the most modern vehicles that include electric and hybrid cars, packages of various types of lithium-ion cells are used, the number of which is constantly growing. After use, these batteries, due to their complex chemical composition, constitute hazardous waste that is difficult to manage and must be recycled in modern technological lines. The article presents the morphological characteristics of the currently used types of Li-ion cells, and the threats to the safety of people and the environment that may occur in the event of improper use of Li-ion batteries and accumulators have been identified and described on the basis of the Regulation of the European Parliament and Council (EC) No. 1272/2008 of 16 December 2008 and No. 1907/2006 of 18 December 2006 on the classification, labeling and packaging of substances and mixtures and the registration, evaluation, authorization and restriction of chemicals (REACH), establishing the European Chemicals Agency.

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