scholarly journals Fixed Transmission Charges Based on the Degree of Network Utilization

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 614
Author(s):  
Roman Korab ◽  
Henryk Kocot ◽  
Henryk Majchrzak
Keyword(s):  
Power Flow ◽  
Superposition Principle ◽  
Test System ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Postage Stamp ◽  
Network Utilization ◽  
Active Power Flow ◽  
Small Test ◽  
Power Flow Tracing ◽  
The Individual

The core objective of transmission tariffs is the recovery of costs related to the transport of electricity. A usual component of a tariff is a fixed charge that covers the costs of the network infrastructure. As many customers use the power grid, the rate of this charge should reflect, as closely as possible, the actual costs of supplying energy to the individual consumers. These costs result from which network elements have been used in delivering the electricity, and to what extent these elements have been used. Therefore, the fixed transmission rates should depend on the degree of network utilization. This article investigates definitions of the degree of network utilization based on the active power flow. To calculate the degree of network utilization, the flow of electricity on a branch must be decomposed into the streams flowing to individual customers. For this decomposition, two methods are examined: a power flow tracing method, based on the proportional sharing principle, and an incremental power flow method, based on the superposition principle. The analyzed methodology is applied to a small test system for conceptual discussions, as well as to the transmission network of the Polish power system, as an example of practical application. The results of this study were then compared with the commonly used “postage stamp” method. Finally, several practical aspects related to the potential implementation of the presented methodology are discussed.

scholarly journals Application of Loop Frame of Reference to Power Flow Tracing and Loss Allocation

2006 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie S.C. Lim ◽  
John D.F. McDonald ◽  
Tapan K. Saha
Keyword(s):  
Graph Theory ◽  
Power Flow ◽  
Test System ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Transmission Network ◽  
Loop Analysis ◽  
Loss Allocation ◽  
Active Source ◽  
Small Test ◽  
Power Flow Tracing

This paper introduces a new power flow tracing and subsequently loss allocation method based on loop analysis. The knowledge of the loop paths aids in the visualisation of presumed transfer of power throughout the transmission network. A formalised process of loop identification, based on graph theory, is introduced to ensure that each loop contains at least one active source. This way, the system losses can be readily and justifiably allocated to the active sources in the network without involving any approximations. The proposed method is applied to both a small test system and the IEEE 14-bus test system, demonstrating the features and limitations of the proposed methodology.

Improved Performance of DPFC Using Sliding Mode Controller Method

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 2073 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Narasimha Rao ◽  
T Surnedra ◽  
S Tara Kalyani
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Power Flow ◽  
Sliding Mode ◽  
Flexible Ac Transmission ◽  
Active Power Flow ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Bus Voltage ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Ac Transmission

<p>Modern power systems demand the need of active power flow with the help of Power Electronics control devices is needed. In the family of Flexible AC Transmission devices (FACTS), Dynamic PFC (DPFC) offers the same controlling function as Unified PFC (UPFC), comprising the control of transmission angle, bus voltage and line impedance. A technical modification of UPFC is DPFC in which fluctuations of voltage at DC link is eliminated that enables the individual operation as series and parallel controllers. The concept of DFACTS is used in design of the series converter. The replacement of  the  high  rating  three  phase  series  converter with  the multiple low rating single phase converters results in cost reduction and increases reliability greatly. This DC Link is used to transfer the real power between two converters in UPFC such as in DPFC which eliminates the 3rd harmonic frequencies at transmission lines. D-FACTS converters are acting as insulation between high voltage phases acts as 1-ᴓ floating with respect to ground. These results in lower cost for the DPFC system compared to the UPFC. This paper describes the comparison of PI and Sliding Mode Controllers which conclude that SMC is a better control strategy compared to PI.</p>

scholarly journals A Practical GERI-Based Method for Identifying Multiple Erroneous Parameters and Measurements Simultaneously

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3390
Author(s):  
Ruipeng Guo ◽  
Lilan Dong ◽  
Hao Wu ◽  
Fangdi Hou ◽  
Chen Fang
Keyword(s):  
Power System ◽  
Power Flow ◽  
Reactive Power ◽  
Test System ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Least Square Estimator ◽  
Calculation Technique ◽  
Reactive Power Flow ◽  
Active Power Flow ◽  
Bulk Power

Even with modern smart metering systems, erroneous measurements of the real and reactive power in the power system are unavoidable. Multiple erroneous parameters and measurements may occur simultaneously in the state estimation of a bulk power system. This paper proposes a gross error reduction index (GERI)-based method as an additional module for existing state estimators in order to identify multiple erroneous parameters and measurements simultaneously. The measurements are acquired from a supervisory control and data acquisition system and mainly include voltage amplitudes, branch current amplitudes, active power flow, and reactive power flow. This method uses a structure consisting of nested two loops. First, gross errors and the GERI indexes are calculated in the inner loop. Second, the GERI indexes are compared and the maximum GERI in each inner loop is associated with the most suspicious parameter or measurement. Third, when the maximum GERI is less than a given threshold in the outer loop, its corresponding erroneous parameter or measurement is identified. Multiple measurement scans are also adopted in order to increase the redundancy of measurements and the observability of parameters. It should be noted that the proposed algorithm can be directly integrated into the Weighted Least Square estimator. Furthermore, using a faster simplified calculation technique with Givens rotations reduces the required computer memory and increases the computation speed. This method has been demonstrated in the IEEE 14-bus test system and several matpower cases. Due to its outstanding practical performance, it is now used at six provincial power control centers in the Eastern Grid of China.

scholarly journals Reactive Power Contribution and Pricing for Restructured Power Industry

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-69
Author(s):  
Susithra M ◽  
Gnanadass R
Keyword(s):  
Power Flow ◽  
Reactive Power ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
Transmission Loss ◽  
Test System ◽  
Additional Insight ◽  
Comparison Results ◽  
Power Flow Tracing ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insight Into

Competitive trend towards restructuring and unbundling of transmission services has resulted in the need renteto discover the impact of a particular generator to load. This paper initially presents the analysis of three diffreactive power valuation methods namely, Modified Ybus, Virtual flow approach and Modified Power flow tracing to compute the reactive power output from a particular generator to particular load. Among these methods, the modified power flow electricity tracing method is identified as the best because of its various features. Secondly, based on this Method, the opportunity cost for practical system is determined. Hence, this method can be useful in providing additional insight into power system operation and can be used to modify existing tariffs of charging for reactive power transmission loss and reactive power transmission services. Simulation and comparison results are shown by taking IEEE 30 bus system as test system.

scholarly journals Improved Performance of DPFC Using Sliding Mode Controller Method

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 2073
Author(s):  
D Narasimha Rao ◽  
T Surnedra ◽  
S Tara Kalyani
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Power Flow ◽  
Sliding Mode ◽  
Flexible Ac Transmission ◽  
Active Power Flow ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Bus Voltage ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Ac Transmission

<p>Modern power systems demand the need of active power flow with the help of Power Electronics control devices is needed. In the family of Flexible AC Transmission devices (FACTS), Dynamic PFC (DPFC) offers the same controlling function as Unified PFC (UPFC), comprising the control of transmission angle, bus voltage and line impedance. A technical modification of UPFC is DPFC in which fluctuations of voltage at DC link is eliminated that enables the individual operation as series and parallel controllers. The concept of DFACTS is used in design of the series converter. The replacement of  the  high  rating  three  phase  series  converter with  the multiple low rating single phase converters results in cost reduction and increases reliability greatly. This DC Link is used to transfer the real power between two converters in UPFC such as in DPFC which eliminates the 3rd harmonic frequencies at transmission lines. D-FACTS converters are acting as insulation between high voltage phases acts as 1-ᴓ floating with respect to ground. These results in lower cost for the DPFC system compared to the UPFC. This paper describes the comparison of PI and Sliding Mode Controllers which conclude that SMC is a better control strategy compared to PI.</p>

Flexible Genetic Algorithm Based Optimal Power Flow of Power Systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
Hassan Abdullah Kubba ◽  
Mounir Thamer Esmieel
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Objective Function ◽  
Power Flow ◽  
Optimal Power Flow ◽  
Reactive Power ◽  
Test System ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Optimal Power ◽  
Blending Method ◽  
Real Coded Genetic Algorithm

Nowadays, the power plant is changing the power industry from a centralized and vertically integrated form into regional, competitive and functionally separate units. This is done with the future aims of increasing efficiency by better management and better employment of existing equipment and lower price of electricity to all types of customers while retaining a reliable system. This research is aimed to solve the optimal power flow (OPF) problem. The OPF is used to minimize the total generations fuel cost function. Optimal power flow may be single objective or multi objective function. In this thesis, an attempt is made to minimize the objective function with keeping the voltages magnitudes of all load buses, real output power of each generator bus and reactive power of each generator bus within their limits. The proposed method in this thesis is the Flexible Continuous Genetic Algorithm or in other words the Flexible Real-Coded Genetic Algorithm (RCGA) using the efficient GA's operators such as Rank Assignment (Weighted) Roulette Wheel Selection, Blending Method Recombination operator and Mutation Operator as well as Multi-Objective Minimization technique (MOM). This method has been tested and checked on the IEEE 30 buses test system and implemented on the 35-bus Super Iraqi National Grid (SING) system (400 KV). The results of OPF problem using IEEE 30 buses typical system has been compared with other researches.     

scholarly journals Interaction Boundary Determination of Renewable Energy Sources to Estimate System Strength Using the Power Flow Tracing Strategy

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1569
Author(s):  
Namki Choi ◽  
Byongjun Lee ◽  
Dohyuk Kim ◽  
Suchul Nam
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Power Flow ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Boundary Determination ◽  
Actual Interaction ◽  
Power Flow Tracing ◽  
Estimate System

System strength is an important concept in the integration of renewable energy sources (RESs). However, evaluating system strength is becoming more ambiguous due to the interaction of RESs. This paper proposes a novel scheme to define the actual interaction boundaries of RESs using the power flow tracing strategy. Based on the proposed method, the interaction boundaries of RESs were identified at the southwest side of Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) systems. The test results show that the proposed approach always provides the identical interaction boundaries of RESs in KEPCO systems, compared to the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) method. The consistent boundaries could be a guideline for power-system planners to assess more accurate system strength, considering the actual interactions of the RESs.

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