scholarly journals Functional Safety Concept to Support Hazard Assessment and Risk Management in Water-Supply Systems

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 947
Author(s):  
Barbara Tchórzewska-Cieślak ◽  
Katarzyna Pietrucha-Urbanik ◽  
Mohamed Eid
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Contamination ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Functional Safety ◽  
Safety Concept ◽  
Safety Systems ◽  
Supply Systems

Within the frame of upgrading and modernisation of the Water Supply System (WSS), our work is focussing on the safety systems/devices implemented or that should be implemented in the WSS. The implementation of safety systems is supposed to reduce hazard occurrence and hazardous consequences in case of a WSS unsafe disruption. To assess this reduction, we preconise the use of the safety integrity levels standards. The implementation of the safety systems/devices is undertaken on the ground of the multi-barriers safeguard approach. The “Water Contamination Hazard” is considered in the paper. A case study is presented, assessed and conclusions are drawn. The methodology presented in the paper and the results of the case study assessment will contribute to the decision-making regarding the upgrading of the safety and the performance of the WSS.

scholarly journals Intervening factors in the costs of fluoridation in water supply systems: a case study in seven population sizes

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 785-791
Author(s):  
Lorrayne Belotti ◽  
Paulo Frazão
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Total Treatment Cost ◽  
Chemical Product ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Supply Systems ◽  
Capita Cost

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to analyze the costs of fluoridation in water supply systems of different population sizes. A case study was carried out comprising cities in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. The costs of initial installation, the chemical product, the operation of the system, and the control of fluoride levels between the years 2012 and 2017 were considered. The annual per capita cost of the treatment was calculated to estimate the fluoridation weight concerning the total expenses. The fluoridation annual per capita cost ranged from R$ 20.14 (US$ 7.23) in towns with less than two thousand inhabitants to R$ 0.39 (US$ 0.14) in cities with a population of approximately 520 thousand inhabitants. In systems that supply up to 30 thousand inhabitants, the running cost was responsible for most of the expenses, ranging from 98.2 to 84%. For cities with 520 thousand inhabitants, the costs with the chemical product corresponded to 74.7% of the expenses. Compared with the total treatment cost, the water fluoridation cost ranged from 0.2 to 0.6% for population sizes of 30 thousand inhabitants or more and varied from 1.3 to 7.3% for towns with less than 10 thousand inhabitants. Considering that the decision-making process is complex in the field of public policies, and decision-makers suffer multiple influences as for different policy alternatives, knowing the implications of population size for costs is essential for informed decision-making.

Management of water supply systems from interbasin transfers: case study in the Brazilian semiarid region

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
José Almir Cirilo ◽  
Alfredo Ribeiro Neto ◽  
Nyadja Menezes Rodrigues Ramos ◽  
Carla Fernanda Fortunato ◽  
Júlia Daniele Silva de Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Brazilian Semiarid ◽  
Interbasin Transfers ◽  
Supply Systems

scholarly journals Energy Recovery Using Micro-Hydropower Technology in Water Supply Systems: The Case Study of the City of Fribourg

Water ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Samora ◽  
Pedro Manso ◽  
Mário Franca ◽  
Anton Schleiss ◽  
Helena Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Supply Systems ◽  
The City

scholarly journals Sustainability assessment and environmental impacts of water supply systems: a case study in Tampa Bay water supply system

2021 ◽  
Vol 308 ◽  
pp. 01010
Author(s):  
Shen Yizhi ◽  
Wei Minrui ◽  
Hou Bowen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Tampa Bay ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Supply Systems

Due to the accelerated industrial and urbanization development, climate change, and increasing populations and life quality expectations, the issue of drinking water shortage has raised much public awareness. The desalination system has been widely applied to accommodate the growing demand for clean water resources despite the continuous concerns about its relatively higher energy consumption and environmental footprints. This research conducted a case study in the Tampa Bay Regional Surface Water Treatment Plant and Tampa Bay Seawater Desalination Plant in Florida, U.S. It analysed the performance and environmental impacts of conventional and desalination water supply systems on three sides: energy consumption, carbon footprint, and solid waste. Potential negative effects of both water supply systems are generally associated with surface water ecology, groundwater aquifers, coastal environment, and marine organisms. Various environmental impact mitigation plans have been proposed to prevent or restore the detriments caused by carbon dioxide emissions, plant construction, and concentrated brine discharge. Due to the deficiency in freshwater resources, desalination technology is more promising through proper regulations and regional sustainable development.

Minimization of losses in water supply systems: strategy definition in a Portuguese case study

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 24-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Machado ◽  
T. Carvalho ◽  
C. Cupido ◽  
M.C. Almeida ◽  
H. Alegre
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Supply Systems

scholarly journals Modeling Study of Design Flow Rates for Cascade Water Supply Systems in Residential Skyscrapers

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2580
Author(s):  
Yang Zhou ◽  
Eric Lee ◽  
Ling-Tim Wong ◽  
Kwok-Wai Mui
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Design Flow ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Supply Systems ◽  
Design Flow Rate

Skyscrapers are common nowadays around the world, especially in cities with limited development area. In order to pump water up to the higher level of a skyscraper, a cascade water supply system has to be installed. Currently, cascade water supply systems are mainly designed based on practical experiences or requirements of existing standards/guidelines that, in fact, are not specifically for skyscrapers. However, thorough studies on cascade water supply system designs are still limited in the literature. This study proposes mathematical models and uses Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate the design flow rate of a typical cascade water supply system that feeds various appliances in a residential skyscraper in Hong Kong. Graphs that showed the correlations between the inflow rate in the supply pipe and water volume in the tank are obtained. While tank storage volume is confirmed, the design flow rate of the cascade water supply system can be determined from these graphs. The proposed mathematical models can also be applied to evaluate the design flow rate of cascade water supply systems in other types of skyscrapers (e.g., office, commercial building) as well as with the changes in water demand patterns in the models.

Linking resource users' perceptions and collective action in commons management – an examination of water supply systems in Southern Senegal

Water Policy ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsushi Hanatani ◽  
Kana Fuse
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Borehole Water ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Supply Systems

Poor maintenance of water supply systems is a critical issue in sub-Saharan Africa. Using survey data on users of motorized piped water supply systems in rural southern Senegal, this paper examines what motivates resource users to contribute financially to the management of water supply system infrastructure by paying their water tariff. Results from logistic regression analysis indicate that users who prefer borehole water and are satisfied with the service provided are more likely than others to pay. In addition, those who trust that other users will pay are more likely themselves to pay than those who do not trust their peers. These findings suggest that assessing the needs of users and providing services tailored to those needs (e.g., quality, convenience) is recommended for future interventions. The incorporation of programs that promote peer trust should also be considered as future interventions to establish or strengthen resource management organization.

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