Modeling Study of Design Flow Rates for Cascade Water Supply Systems in Residential Skyscrapers

Skyscrapers are common nowadays around the world, especially in cities with limited development area. In order to pump water up to the higher level of a skyscraper, a cascade water supply system has to be installed. Currently, cascade water supply systems are mainly designed based on practical experiences or requirements of existing standards/guidelines that, in fact, are not specifically for skyscrapers. However, thorough studies on cascade water supply system designs are still limited in the literature. This study proposes mathematical models and uses Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate the design flow rate of a typical cascade water supply system that feeds various appliances in a residential skyscraper in Hong Kong. Graphs that showed the correlations between the inflow rate in the supply pipe and water volume in the tank are obtained. While tank storage volume is confirmed, the design flow rate of the cascade water supply system can be determined from these graphs. The proposed mathematical models can also be applied to evaluate the design flow rate of cascade water supply systems in other types of skyscrapers (e.g., office, commercial building) as well as with the changes in water demand patterns in the models.

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Evaluation of Design Flow Rate of Water Supply Systems with Low Flow Showering Appliances

Water ◽

10.3390/w11010100 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 100 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yang Zhou ◽

Kwok-wai Mui ◽

Ling-tim Wong

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Water System ◽

Supply System ◽

Water Supply System ◽

Design Flow ◽

Low Flow ◽

Water Supply Systems ◽

Supply Systems ◽

Design Flow Rate

The installation of water efficient appliances is an efficient demand-side water management measure favored by policymakers and water providers nowadays. The adoption of low flow showerheads in large and complex plumbing systems will not only contribute to a great reduction of shower water use in the whole water system, but also further influence the water supply system design. Hence, it is necessary to justify the redesign of existing water supply systems (such as the pipe size, storage tank volume, pumping arrangement etc.) in terms of the use of low flow showerheads. This study uses Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate the design flow rate for a typical high-rise roof tank water supply system in Hong Kong with the installation of low flow showerheads. The simulation results indicate that a full installation of low flow showerheads can decrease the design flow rate by 15%, corresponding to an energy efficiency improvement of 1.5%. The potential for water savings and associated energy savings can be significantly higher when all installed appliances in homes are water efficient (e.g., showerheads, water taps, washing machines). Further work is required to evaluate the redesign of existing water supply systems for a sustainable future.

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OST WATER VOLUME IN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, IN NORTH AND CENTRAL WEST REGION

Periódico Tchê Química ◽

10.52571/ptq.v15.n30.2018.501_periodico30_pgs_497_503.pdf ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (30) ◽

pp. 497-503

Author(s):

A. B. dos SANTOS ◽

É. C. DIAS ◽

G. P. C. da SILVA ◽

R. P. RIBEIRO ◽

A. M. SILVA

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Service Providers ◽

Supply System ◽

Water Supply System ◽

Water Volume ◽

Water Supply Systems ◽

Water Losses ◽

Efficient Operation ◽

The North ◽

West Region

Due to the events of the last years, when, mainly the Southeast region of Brazil has experienced one of the worst periods of water shortage, there has been a process of national awareness for the need of care with the quality and quantity of water. Therefore, currently in the national and world scenario is seeking to minimize the waste of water, acting mainly in the water supply systems, which have the highest loss rates of this liquid. In this way, the objective is to determine the volume of water (1000m³/year) wasted in SAA (Water Supply System), based on the amount of water produced and consumed in the North and Central-West region of Brazil and, from this, compare the losses in those regions, for the year 2015. Based on the analysis of the datas, it was verified that the water supply in the North and Central-West regions presented high losses rates, 43% and 37%, respectively. Actions such as maintenance of sanitary fittings and elimination of leaks in the residence, more efficient operation and maintenance of the system and improvement in the commercial management of service providers, are measures to combat and reduce water losses.

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Barcelona's water supply, 1867–1967: the transition to a modern system

Urban History ◽

10.1017/s0963926813000692 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 41 (3) ◽

pp. 415-434 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

MANEL GUARDIA ◽

MARIBEL ROSSELLÓ ◽

SERGI GARRIGA

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Cultural Context ◽

Supply System ◽

Water Supply System ◽

Water Supply Systems ◽

Domestic Sphere ◽

Modern System ◽

Expansion Plan ◽

Water Companies ◽

Supply Systems

ABSTRACTThe development of modern water supply systems has varied widely in terms of speed, paths and results, and each supply system has been strongly conditioned by its spatial, socio-economic and cultural context. Barcelona provides a useful illustration of how such a modern system came into being in a particularly dynamic southern European setting. Despite being Spain's leading industrial centre, the driving force behind the introduction of its new water supply system did not come from an industrial imperative but rather from the city's expansion plan, approved in 1859, which gave rise to a proliferation of private initiatives. Later, decisive changes around the turn of the twentieth century led to a concentration of water companies, sewer renewal projects and the entry of water into the domestic sphere, and the extension of the water supply to people's homes. The development of a modern water supply system in Barcelona, however, required a period of a hundred years – from 1867, when the first steam-powered pumping station was built, to 1967, when the water from the Ter River transfer reached the city, allowing new consumption patterns to spread rapidly.

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Understanding Regulation of Non-Utility Water Supply Systems from the Household Perspective

10.21203/rs.3.rs-386647/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Iniobong James Ikpeh ◽

Robby Soetanto ◽

Aaron Anvuur

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Group Discussion ◽

Regulatory Compliance ◽

Supply System ◽

Water Supply System ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Water Supply Systems ◽

Research Approach ◽

Water Users ◽

Supply Systems

Abstract PurposeThe article seeks to examine the understanding of regulation of Non-Utility Water Supply Systems (NUWSS) from perspective of water users in households, the behavioural dimensions of regulation and aspects of the non-utility water supply system that can be regulated.Research Method/DesignThe theory of planned behaviour was used to identify determinants to regulatory compliance across the groups of indicators identified for the regulation of water supply systems. To understand household perception of regulation, interviews were conducted, with questions put to water users in households. A qualitative research approach was adopted, using interviews, and focus group discussion with water users in households.FindingsThe findings indicate that households hold varied perceptions on regulation across the components of the water supply system. Specifically, regulatory compliance by households was influenced by crucial elements such as preferential compliance to regulation within specific aspects of the water supply system. Limitations and implicationsThe inference from this research is based on households from one state in Nigeria. Further exploration of this research in multiple cities and states would widen the applicability of the findings in different contexts.Originality/valueThe study examines regulation and regulatory compliance from the perspective of households who predominantly use Non-Utility Water Supply System (NUWSS) in sub-Saharan Africa.

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Determining Hazards’ Prevention Critical Control Points in Water Supply Systems

Environmental Sciences Proceedings ◽

10.3390/environsciproc2020002053 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 53 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Stavroula Tsitsifli ◽

Vasilis Kanakoudis

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Supply ◽

Supply System ◽

Water Supply System ◽

Drinking Water Supply ◽

Water Supply Systems ◽

Control Points ◽

Critical Control Points ◽

Drinking Water Supply System ◽

Supply Systems

A drinking water supply system is an extraordinarily complex system—consisting of kilometers of pipes and various tanks, valves, pumps, and other equipment. This complexity makes it extremely vulnerable to physical, chemical, and/or biological hazards. Therefore, the vulnerability assessment of a drinking water supply system to identify the critical control points is absolutely necessary. This paper assesses the vulnerability of the drinking water supply systems. The assessment is elaborated in systems using water from surface water bodies and groundwater bodies. The critical control points are identified using a risk assessment methodology (identifying the probability of the hazard occurrence and its effect or severity) where the monitoring parameters, and the corrective actions are determined.

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A real options approach to the design and architecture of water supply systems using innovative water technologies under uncertainty

Journal of Hydroinformatics ◽

10.2166/hydro.2011.078 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 13-29 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

Stephen X. Zhang ◽

Vladan Babovic

Keyword(s):

Decision Support ◽

Water Resources ◽

Water Supply ◽

Real Options ◽

Effective Means ◽

Supply System ◽

Water Supply System ◽

Water Supply Systems ◽

Real Options Approach ◽

Supply Systems

Water supply has become a priority for developed and developing nations of the world. Conventional water resources alone cannot meet the growing demand for water in urban cities. Management of the problem is amplified by uncertainty associated with different development strategies. Singapore has limited conventional water resources and progressively architects its water supply system through acquiring and sustaining multiple (alternative) water resources through innovative technologies. The full rationale and merits of such a policy cannot be properly understood based on traditional project valuation methods alone. This paper provides decision support using a real options approach by evaluating innovative water technologies from multiple perspectives under uncertainty. This paper demonstrates that incorporating innovative water technologies into water supply systems can concurrently improve water supply from the financial, political and socioeconomic perspectives. The development of innovative water technologies provides flexibility to the water supply system, and is a fundamental and effective means of risk management. The evaluation of innovative water technologies is based on an integrated real options approach, which provides decision support for architecting water supply systems under uncertainty. The approach gives specific tangible values for the water technologies and complements the general prescriptive Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) framework.

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A review of Ancient Roman water supply exploring techniques of pressure reduction

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2007.013 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 113-120 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M.C. Monteleone ◽

H. Yeung ◽

R. Smith

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Supply System ◽

Water Supply System ◽

Water Supply Systems ◽

Maximum Height ◽

Pressure Reduction ◽

Urban Networks ◽

Small Water ◽

Urban Complex ◽

Supply Systems

The Ancient Roman water supply systems still leave us astonished when admiring the solidity of the ruins of aqueducts surviving around Europe. Some parts of these systems are still in use at present and prove the practical efficiency of Roman hydraulics in the principles acquired from the populations living in the different regions of the Empire. In Pompeii the urban water supply system stands as a clear example of the Roman planning of urban complex networks by using small water towers to serve a limited numbers of users. This allowed to control the derivations and their maintenance and operated a disconnection from the high pressure mains and the low pressure pipes, maintaining a fixed maximum height of water over the final points of discharge. Considering the techniques for pressure reduction as a method to control leakages, this paper examines the ancient Roman water supply system to deduce some applications to modern urban networks built in new housing establishments.

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Energy Embodiment of Water Supply: A Comparison between the US and China

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.356-360.2175 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 356-360 ◽

pp. 2175-2181

Author(s):

Wei Wei Mo ◽

Qiong Zhang ◽

Rong Chang Wang

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Water Supply ◽

Large Population ◽

Supply System ◽

Water Supply System ◽

Embodied Energy ◽

Water Supply Systems ◽

System A ◽

The Us ◽

Supply Systems

Under the rapid growth of world’s economy and population, the demand for water and energy has been increasing accordingly. Moreover, water and energy are interrelated and form a reinforcing feedback loop. Energy is used not only onsite of water supply systems, but also indirectly for producing materials used in the water systems. As a result, it is important to understand and evaluate the energy embodiment of water supply for sustainable water and energy management. This study uses the Economic Input-Output Life Cycle Assessment software to estimate and compare the embodied energy of one China water supply system (System A) and one US water supply system (System B). It has been found that System B in the US has comparable direct operational energy consumption with System A in China; however, System B consumes much more indirect energy and constructional energy than System A. Possible reasons for the higher indirect energy use in System B might be more administrative and engineering (maintenance and repairing) services involved, lower transportation efficiency, more self water usage within the system and higher labor rates. To satisfy the water demand for the large population, China’s water supply systems have to reduce direct energy consumption during the operation phase by conducting energy budget and adopting energy efficient technologies.

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The Analysis of Water Supply Operating Conditions Systems by Means of Empirical Exponents

Water ◽

10.3390/w11122452 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 2452

Author(s):

Justyna Stańczyk ◽

Ewa Burszta-Adamiak

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Analysis Data ◽

Technical Condition ◽

Supply System ◽

Water Supply System ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Water Supply Systems ◽

Diagnostic Systems ◽

Water Companies

The stochastic character of water consumption by consumers and the technical condition of water supply systems are the main deterministic random factors influencing the observed changes in flow rate and pressure. The implementation of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems resulted in the creation of dispersed data sets coming from the devices controlling the operation of the water supply system. Thanks to the use of metadata and advanced computer systems of analysis, data from various sources can be analyzed to detect the operating conditions of the water supply system. The aim of the research was to analyze an empirical exponent, determined on the basis of flow rate and pressure measurements for one of the District Metered Areas (DMAs). Modern supervised and unsupervised machine learning systems were implemented to classify the obtained results. The results of the research showed that on the basis of the established empirical exponent in the systems in which the pressure is reduced at night, it is possible to qualify the operating conditions of the water supply system in the DMA with accuracy of up to 90%. The conducted tests may be implemented as a component of expert diagnostic systems in water companies.

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ENERGY-SAVING ENVIRONMENTAL AUTOMATED WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM FOR A CONSTRUCTION ENTERPRISE

Proceedings of Southwest State University ◽

10.21869/2223-1560-2017-21-6-60-67 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 21 (6) ◽

pp. 60-67

Author(s):

N. S. Kobelev ◽

V. N. Kobelev ◽

W. I. Senzenkow ◽

S. A. Poliwanowa ◽

N. A. Satalova

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Energy Saving ◽

Thermal Protection ◽

High Energy ◽

Supply System ◽

Water Supply System ◽

Energy Sources ◽

Water Supply Systems ◽

Industrial Enterprises ◽

Supply Systems

The energy saving ecological water supply system is proposed. The system can be implemented both in heat power engineering, in particular in circulating water supply systems for industrial enterprises, and in construction industry where there are heat evolutions produced by equipment and due to technological processes. According to the forecasts of Russia's energy strategy, the production of thermal energy will increase by 22-34 % in 2020. At the same time, it is planned to increase the real heat consumption by 1.4-1.5 times due to reduction of losses in the conditions of high energy saving potential in all energy sectors beginning with production to transportation and rational use of energy sources. The system of housing and utilities is extremely energy intensive, since utility infrastructure is worn out up to 80-90 %. The practical lack of biosphere-compatible technologies for engineering systems design and operation in Russia does not allow providing resource-saving at all stages of full life cycle of a building or a structure. Known studies and proposals based on the research and development decisions of RAASN Research Institute of Building Physics mainly relate to the thermal protection of the shell of a building and are not represented by engineering interconnected systems. Therefore, the development and implementation of measures for the integrated development of utility infrastructure becomes topical. The solution of this problem is related to complex of engineering and technical activities, including thermal protection by increasing thermal resistance of enclosing structures of buildings, upgrading heat and water supply systems, using non-traditional energy sources.

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