scholarly journals How to Adapt Mongolian Yurt to the Modern Requirements and European Climate—Airtightness versus CO2 Concentration?

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 8544
Author(s):  
Tomasz Kisilewicz ◽  
Katarzyna Nowak-Dzieszko ◽  
Katarzyna Nowak ◽  
Sabina Kuc ◽  
Ksenia Ostrowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Ventilation System ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Electric Heater ◽  
European Climate ◽  
Environmental Requirements

There are currently trends in the world to transfer and adapt traditional solutions to contemporary needs. This applies, inter alia, to mobile shelters used by nomadic peoples. The article is devoted to the research on the quality of internal air in the yurt and the possibilities of its adaptation to high contemporary quality and environmental requirements, while maintaining its characteristic sustainable values. The tested traditional Mongolian yurt was moved from the dry and cold climate of the Asian steppe to the temperate climate of Central Europe and has been significantly modified. The outer shell materials have been changed, replacing natural materials with modern tight insulating foils. The wood-fired stove has been replaced with an electric heater and the roof opening has been firmly closed. All of these modifications resulted in far-reaching changes in the quality of the internal environment in the yurt. The conducted measurements and simulations of CO2 concentration in the modified yurt proved that the efficiency of ventilation system is not sufficient and that the air quality is very poor (even for a single user). In the case of a larger number of users, the concentration of CO2 has already reached a level that was dangerous to health. The simplest method of improving the air quality in the yurt is its careful unsealing to the required level. Striving for a low energy demand, however, would require a completely different approach (for example, in the form of forced ventilation with a heat recovery unit, ultimately powered with a PV array). Such a solution is very different from the traditional yurt model but is close to modern expectations and environmental requirements.

An Attempt to Improve Air Quality in Primary Schools

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Telejko ◽  
Ewa Zender-Swiercz
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Natural Ventilation ◽  
Ventilation System ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
School Buildings ◽  
Maximum Value

Most primary school buildings in Poland rely on natural ventilation. This fact is attributed to the age of these buildings constructed more than dozen or even several tens of years ago. Few of them were fitted with a mechanical ventilation system allowing for the adjustment of microclimate parameters. The national requirements for gravity ventilation provide general guidelines, specifying strict description only for the airtightness of windows and doors and the minimum airflow to be supplied to the rooms. The minimum airflow supplied is independent of the number of occupants and purpose of the room. Low indoor air quality (IAQ) can impact occupants’ health and lead to poor productivity or low academic performance. Therefore the provision of good IAQ in classrooms and laboratories is very important. This paper presents the results of the investigation devoted to the quality of indoor air in classrooms of selected Polish primary school. Six primary school in a town with a population of 200 000 inhabitants were involved in the investigations. The participating school buildings were built between 1976 and 1994 and had gravity ventilation systems. The variability of basic IAQ parameters, i.e., temperature, relative humidity and carbon dioxide level, was analysed and the assessment of the classrooms in terms of microbiological purity was performed. The outcomes confirmed the low quality of the indoor air in these buildings. The maximum value of CO2 concentration amounted to more than 4000 ppm. Certain modifications aimed at improving IAQ were proposed during the investigations. Two solutions were implemented. The results of this study indicate that the proposed solution offers the potential to improve IAQ within classrooms.

scholarly journals Method for Estimation of CO2 Gains from Persons in Builidings

Proceedings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (20) ◽  
pp. 1309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Rodero ◽  
Dorota Anna Krawczyk
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Sources Of Co2

Carbon dioxide concentration is an important parameter to know Indoor Air Quality of a building. One of the most important sources of CO2 in poor ventilated building is human activity. This work presents a method for experimental determination of human CO2 generation rate based on measuring of time evolution of indoor CO2 concentration. The method is applied to 5 rooms of an educational building from Bialystok (Poland). Similar carbon dioxide gains were obtained in all rooms, around 0.0046 L/s, which correspond to theoretical CO2 generation rates of a sedentary activity for persons, males and females, between 21–30 years old, characteristics of occupants of analyzed rooms.

scholarly journals Simulation and Analysis of Various Ventilation Systems Given in an Example in the Same School of Indoor Air Quality

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 2845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Gładyszewska-Fiedoruk ◽  
Vasyl Zhelykh ◽  
Andrii Pushchinskyi
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Natural Ventilation ◽  
Ventilation System ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Additional Energy ◽  
Exhaust Ventilation ◽  
Building Ventilation ◽  
The Cost

The quality of internal air is one of the factors that affect the pace and quality of knowledge acquisition. Therefore, it is important that classrooms have high quality of air. Using computer simulation, the effect of various building ventilation variants on air quality in classrooms was analyzed. Two criteria were analyzed and six variants of ventilation. The analysis was carried out using the CONTAMW program, used for multi-zone analysis of ventilation and air quality in a building. As an indicator of air quality, the concentration of carbon dioxide in school halls was adopted. The analyses show that natural ventilation is not able to provide proper air exchange. Regular airing of classrooms during breaks can reduce the carbon dioxide concentration to 2500 ppm, however, there is a significant reduction in indoor temperature (even below 10 °C). The best control over the internal environment can be obtained by using a supply–exhaust ventilation system with heat recovery. Obtaining a higher stabilization of ventilation is achieved by supplying additional energy to drive fans, however, this is only a small amount of energy compared to the cost of heat for heating the building (maximum 2%).

Numerical and Experimental Analysis on Indoor Thermal Environment in Commercial Kitchen

2012 ◽  
Vol 518-523 ◽  
pp. 4435-4438
Author(s):  
Da Hua Jiang ◽  
Zhi Hua Wang ◽  
Fa En Shi ◽  
Ru Shan Ren
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Work Area ◽  
Indoor Contaminants ◽  
The Impact

It is of great importance to study the impact of the cooking generated contaminants on the indoor air quality in the kitchen since cooking is regarded as the main source of indoor contaminants. This study aims investigate and analysis the indoor air quality of kitchen with using CFD numerical analysis method via the velocity, temperature, humidity CO2 concentration .It is concluded that The temperature distribution are large difference in the kitchen and the maximum value is up to 324K on the work area which near the cooking ,and the CO2 concentration which is close to the stove is 1420ppm,1370ppm, 1470ppm respectively, and it is more than the acceptance criteria (CO2<1000ppm) 42%,37% and 47% respectively. It is serious impact on the staff's physical health.

scholarly journals Kualitas Udara Selama Perjalanan di Kapal Motor Camara Nusantara 3

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-66
Author(s):  
D. Talithania ◽  
Salundik ◽  
A. Yani
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Concentration Level ◽  
Ventilation System ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Gas Concentration ◽  
Mode Of Transportation ◽  
Methane Carbon

The Camara Nusantara Ship is a mode of transportation used for transporting cattle to various islands. The journey from Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara to Jakarta took five days. The gases that produced during the trip on the ship were ammonia, methane, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide. This aim of research to analysis the air quality of each deck on the ship during transportation and inform the threshold of gas concentration as well as strategies to improve air quality for livestock on the Camara Nusantara Ship. Measurements were taken three times: morning (8 am), noon (12 pm) and afternoon (4 pm). Observation of the gas concentration level was carried out for 10 - 15 minutes. The study was conducted observation, and data analysis was done descriptively. The results showed that the level of gas concentration still in the normal range and below the threshold value and the microclimate on the deck still in the normal range. Another factor that influence air quality were still in the safe category, namely wind speed. Strategies that can be applied to anticipate the decline in air quality by improving the ventilation system on the ship by focusing more on the engine airflow on the vessel.

scholarly journals Air Quality Characteristics in Junior High School Classroom with Natural Ventilation in Pangkep Regency

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-161
Author(s):  
Nur Mutmainnah ◽  
Rosady Mulyadi ◽  
Baharuddin Hamzah
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Natural Ventilation ◽  
Ventilation System ◽  
Quality Measurement ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Total Dust ◽  
Surrounding Environment

The indoor air quality room has turned out to be a major concern due to its adverse effects on human health. This is related to the level of activity of human spend almost 90 percent of their time indoors. This study aims to identify the characteristics of air quality in classrooms with natural ventilation systems in three different schools which vary in topography and the surrounding environment, namely coastal areas, lowlands, and mountains. Air quality measurement focuses on CO, CO2 concentration, total dust content, temperature, humidity, and airflow velocity. The statistical results showed significantly different (p <0.05) in air quality parameters among those three schools. The CO and CO2 concentrations in the three schools are below the recommendations required by DOSH and ASHRAE. This clarifies that a well-used of a natural ventilation system is able to maintain the air quality in the classroom. The measurement of total dust levels was above the threshold required by the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia No.1405/MENKES/SK/XI/2002. In addition, there was a significant relationship (p <0.05) between air pollutants and meteorological factors such as temperature and air humidity in the classroom. The study found that there was an influence of human activity level and the surrounding environment on the amount of pollutants concentration in the classroom.

scholarly journals A Field Survey on Indoor Air Pollution in School Classrooms with Different Ventilation Methods

2019 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 01020
Author(s):  
Ko Murakami ◽  
Kenta Sakai ◽  
Daisuke Nakamura ◽  
Haruno Ishikawa ◽  
Sayana Tsushima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Schools ◽  
Heat Exchange ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Indoor Air Pollution ◽  
Ventilation System ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Air Conditioning Systems

The purpose of this study was to investigate the actual indoor air quality within two elementary schools with different types of ventilation methods, and to obtain data pertaining to the emission of bioeffluents within the schools. Field surveys on indoor air quality were conducted at two public elementary schools in Tokyo, both equipped with air-conditioning systems. School-A was also equipped with a heat-exchange ventilation system, while School-B did not have a ventilation system. Results of the study revealed that the target ventilation volume for the heat-exchange ventilation system in School-A was not achieved, indoor air quality in School-B was better in relatively cool conditions than School-A because of the habit of opening windows attached, there was a positive correlation between nonanal and decanal and CO2 concentration in summer, and the concentration of bioeffluents nonanal and decanal may be higher at high temperatures even under the same level of ventilation.

scholarly journals The relationship between airtightness and ventilation in new UK dwellings

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 274-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Crawley ◽  
Jez Wingfield ◽  
Cliff Elwell
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Ventilation System ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Regulatory Compliance ◽  
Current Approach ◽  
Ventilation Strategy ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Uk

The UK’s Air Tightness Testing and Measurement Association competent persons scheme collects pressure test data and metadata from the majority of new build dwellings in the UK. This article uses the dataset to investigate the importance of the ventilation strategy in airtightness design and construction. Design and measured airtightness were tested for association with declared ventilation strategy. It was found that ventilation strategy makes a statistically significant difference to airtightness; however, this difference is too small to be practically relevant. Properties with mechanical ventilation and heat recovery (MVHR) were shown to have a mean designed air permeability only 0.46 m3/m2h lower than naturally ventilated dwellings. Seventy-three per cent of homes with MVHR have design airtightness greater than or equal to 5 m3/m2h and 17% of naturally ventilated dwellings have design airtightness less than 5 m3/m2h. We discuss how current design is not maximising the CO2, cost and air quality benefit of each ventilation strategy. A new approach to regulatory compliance is proposed, which explicitly links the designed airtightness and chosen ventilation system. It is suggested that compliance could then be achieved using a set of airtightness ranges linked to appropriate ventilation strategies. This could be expected to result in reduced energy consumption and carbon emissions for new build homes compared to the current approach and would also potentially lead to better outcomes for occupants in terms of indoor air quality. Practical application: Analysis of a large database of the airtightness of new UK dwellings found that ventilation strategy makes very little difference to airtightness design. For dwellings with MVHR, the results suggest that infiltration levels are too high to maximise the energy savings; for naturally ventilated homes, there may be air quality issues. Coupling airtightness design and ventilation strategy can reduce a dwelling’s energy demand and can support achieving the required energy performance rating.

scholarly journals The Effect of High Occupancy Density on IAQ, Moisture Conditions and Energy Use in Apartments

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 4454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Mjörnell ◽  
Dennis Johansson ◽  
Hans Bagge
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Heat Recovery ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Ventilation System ◽  
Moisture Damage ◽  
Housing Shortage ◽  
Additional Energy ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Ventilation Rates

Apartments built in Sweden during the record years 1961–1975 with the aim to remedy the housing shortage and abolish poor standards, were designed for a normal-sized family of 2–4 persons. The mechanical ventilation system, if existing, was primarily designed to ensure an air exchange in the apartment according to Swedish building regulations. During the last few years, the number of overcrowded apartments has increased due to housing shortage in general but also due to migration. Another aspect is that the ventilation in many apartments built during the record years is already insufficient at normal occupant load. The question is how doubling or tripling the number of occupants and thus, the moisture load will affect the risk of bad air quality and moisture damage. To find out, simulations were made to estimate whether it is possible to obtain sufficient air quality and low risk of moisture damage by only increasing the ventilation rates in existing systems or introducing new ventilation systems with and without heat recovery and what the consequence would be in terms of the additional energy demand. Measurements from earlier studies of CO2 and moisture supply in Swedish apartment buildings were used as input data.

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