scholarly journals An Ontology Based Approach for Regulatory Compliance of EU Reg. No 995/2010 in Greece

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Efthymios Lallas ◽  
Anthony Karageorgos ◽  
Georgios Ntalos
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Forest Management ◽  
Information Provision ◽  
Regulatory Compliance ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Information Storage ◽  
Eu Regulation ◽  
Common Basis ◽  
Ontological Approach ◽  
Automated Support

Illegal logging has always been considered as a major environmental and social global concern, as it is directly associated with deforestation and climate change. Nowadays, EU Regulation No 995/2010 has been successfully enforced to impede the placement of illegally produced timber within the EU market and therefore to efficiently enhance sustainable forest management and restore ecosystem balance. However, EU 995 regulatory compliance and enforcement itself is quite complex, since it requires long-term conformity, on a common basis for various heterogeneous groups and communities of stakeholders, in a global, even beyond EU, rule regulation framework. To make things worse, such a framework must be applied to the entire supply distribution chain and a wide variety of wood products, ranging from paper pulp to solid wood and flooring. Hence, in such complex and multivariate information environments, an ontological approach can more efficiently support regulatory compliance and knowledge management, due to its openness and richness of semantics for representing, analyzing, interpreting and managing such kind of information. In this paper, a rule-based regulatory compliance ontology is proposed, which fully captures EU Regulation No 995/2010 concepts and compliance rules and guidelines, as well as Greek legislations governing wood trade. The proposed ontology can be the basis for a computerized system providing automated support for illegal wood trade and monitoring EU regulation information provision and audit information storage and analysis.

scholarly journals Improving the accuracy of wood moisture content estimation in four European softwoods from Spain

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. e002
Author(s):  
Juan I. Fernández-Golfín ◽  
Maria Conde Garcia ◽  
Marta Conde Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Wood Moisture Content ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Wood Moisture ◽  
Mathematical Functions ◽  
Measured Moisture Content

Aim of study: To obtain improved models to predict, with an error of less than ± 2.0%, the gravimetric moisture content in four different softwoods commonly present in the Spanish and European markets, based on electrical resistance measurements. This improved moisture content estimation is useful not only for assessing the quality of wood products, especially in the case of laminated products, during the transformation and delivery process, but also for accurately monitoring the evolution of moisture in wood present in bridges and buildings, which is of great importance for its maintenance and service life improvement.Area of study: The study was carried out on samples of Scots, laricio, radiata and  maritime pines of Spanish provenances.Material and methods: On 50x50x20 mm3 solid wood samples (36 per species, 9 per condition), conditioned at 20ºC (±05ºC) and 40±5%, 65±5%, 80±5% or 90±5% Relative Humidity (RH), electrical resistance and oven-dry moisture content was measured. The Samuelsson's model was fitted to data to explain the relationship between the two variables. The accuracy of the model was evaluated by the use of an external sample.Main results: With the proposed mathematical functions the wood moisture content can be estimated with an error of ±0.9% in the four species, confirming the effectiveness of this nondestructive methodology for accurate estimation and monitoring of moisture content.Research highlights: our results allow the improvement of the moisture content estimation technique by resistance-type methodologies.Keywords: Resistance-type moisture meter; species correction.Abbreviations used: MC: Moisture content; RH: relative Humidity; R: electrical resistance; RP: wood electrical resistance measured parallel to the grain; RT: electrical resistance measured perpendicular (transversally) to the grain; GM-MC: gravimetrically measured moisture content.

scholarly journals Studi Perbandingan Analisis Struktur Rumah 2 Lantai Menggunakan Kayu Glulam dan Kayu Solid Terhadap Beban Gempa. (Hal. 85-94)

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Ramdhan Taufik ◽  
Erma Desmaliana ◽  
Amatulhay Pribadi
Keyword(s):  
Construction Material ◽  
Pushover Analysis ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Basic Material ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Base Shear ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Immediate Occupancy

ABSTRAKKondisi geografis Indonesia memiliki struktur tektonik kompleks. Kondisi ini membuat perencanaan rumah tinggal 2 (dua) lantai membutuhkan pertimbangan khusus dari segi kekuatan dan kekakuan. Penggunaan material kayu sebagai bahan konstruksi di Indonesia masih jarang digunakan. Kayu glulam adalah suatu produk kayu rekayasa yang dibuat dari beberapa bilah kayu yang direkatkan dengan arah sejajar serat menggunakan perekat berupa lem. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi respon struktur pada rumah tinggal menggunakan material kayu glulam dan solid dengan bantuan program ETABS 2016. Berdasarkan analisis yang telah dilakukan, diperoleh nilai periode struktur, gaya geser dasar, dan simpangan antar lantai antara seluruh model menunjukan hasil yang berbeda, perbedaan diakibatkan dari hasil konversi berat jenis dan modulus of elastisity berdasarkan BS EN 1194:1999. Berdasarkan analisis non-linier pushover didapatkan bahwa kayu glulam Nyatoh (kayu kelas III) berada pada level pada kinerja B to IO (Immediate Occupancy), dimana hasil tersebut tidak berbeda jauh dengan kayu solid Bangkirai (kayu kelas I).Kata Kunci: rumah tinggal, kayu glulam, non-linier pushover ABSTRACTGeographical condition of Indonesia has a complex tectonic structure. These conditions create  2-storyhome-planning that require special consideration in terms of strength and rigidity. The use of wood as a construction material in Indonesia is still rarely used. Glulam wood is a wood products engineering made from wooden slats several glued with the direction of the parallel fibers using adhesives. This research aims to identify the structure of the response at home using basic material glulam and solid wood with the help of ETABS 2016 programs. Based on the analysis that has been done, obtained the value of the structure periode, base shear force, and interstory drift between all models show different results, the difference is due to the results of specific gravity conversion and modulus of elasticity base on BS EN 1194:1999. Based on non-linear pushover analysis, it shows that Nyatoh glulam wood (class III wood) was at the level of the B to IO (Immediate Occupancy) performance, where the results were not much different from Bangkirai solid wood (class I wood).Keywords: home livingstructure, glulam wood, non-linear pushover

Surface and Subsurface Quality Evaluation of Engineered Wood Products by Ultrasonic Means

2014 ◽  
pp. 182-220
Author(s):  
Frank C. Beall ◽  
Henrique Reis
Keyword(s):  
Product Development ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Assessment And Evaluation ◽  
Engineered Wood Products ◽  
Engineered Wood ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ultrasonic Techniques

The use of ultrasonic techniques to evaluate the properties of engineered wood-based materials is discussed with respect to research to date and the use of more advanced techniques. The latter is critical because of the rapid evolution from solid wood to reconstituted structural materials. In addition, although considerable research has been done, there have been few introductions into manufacturing. This chapter traces the history of the use and latest developments of ultrasonics in several key areas, particularly the measurement of adhesive curing and quality in composites and laminates, and detection of flaws in solid wood materials. The techniques reviewed apply to product development, material properties, process control, product quality assessment, and evaluation of products in service.

Raw material factors affecting the quota of structural wood in sawmill production

2019 ◽  
Vol 107 ◽  
pp. 124-130
Author(s):  
MAREK WIERUSZEWSKI ◽  
RADOSŁAW MIRSKI ◽  
ADRIAN TROCIŃSKI
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Research Technology ◽  
Main Indicator ◽  
Round Wood

Construction wood has to meet high requirements for loads capacity. Thanks to the selection and adequate classification of raw materials it is possible to decide how specific wood products can and should be used. The usage of solid wood for structural elements purposes has been precisely classified and specified in standardized requirements. Twelve classes of structural timber, ranging from C14 to C50, have been identified for softwood. Only part of Polish raw wood meets the standards of strength classes required in the building industry, as its strength corresponds to classes C24 and C30. A conclusion from research on the assortment structure of the raw materials in Poland was formed that it is particularly important to sort wood effectively according to its quality and intended use during processing. The material and strength efficiency is the main indicator of rational use of wood. The research resulted in setting the initial classification limits of selected round wood groups according to its strength. Properties determining the possibilities of obtaining a high quality product from the available raw wood material were taken into account in the research. Crucial factor was to select the proper research technology of determining dependencies between the applied research methodology and the defined wood quality, sorting class and strength class. The lower limit of availability of raw material with appropriate technical characteristics is determined during the selection of the research formula.

Markets, Products and Technology in the 21st Century – A Canadian Solid Wood Products Perspective

1990 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 567-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert T. Schuler ◽  
Jamie K. Meil
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Wood Protection ◽  
Technology Products ◽  
Engineered Wood Products ◽  
The Future ◽  
Product Technology ◽  
Wood Products Industry ◽  
Conversion Technologies

This paper explores trends in the future development of the Canadian wood products industry in relation to technology, products and markets. Our analysis suggests that the wood products industry of the future may be characterized by: smaller economic units; vertical and horizontal integration to better utilize the resource and add value; market diversification; large multinational corporations; shift from commodities to engineered wood products; resource neutral conversion and product technology; shift from structural to semistructural applications and a move to more environmentally acceptable products and conversion technologies such as biocontrol for wood protection and preservation and energy-self sufficient mills. Key words: Markets, solid wood products industry, technology, competitive position.

Stem eccentricity, crown dry mass distribution, and longitudinal growth strain of plantation-grown Eucalyptus nitens after thinning

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (11) ◽  
pp. 2209-2218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Medhurst ◽  
Maria Ottenschlaeger ◽  
Matthew Wood ◽  
Chris Harwood ◽  
Chris Beadle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Distribution ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Eucalyptus Nitens ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The North ◽  
Silvicultural Treatments ◽  
Wind Exposure ◽  
Pith Eccentricity

Silvicultural treatments that aim to improve tree growth rates also have the potential to alter physical characteristics of the tree stem and thus affect the recovery of solid-wood products. We tested the hypothesis that manifest crown asymmetry in thinned Eucalyptus nitens (Deane & Maiden) Maiden plantations was affecting the development of stem shape. The crown and stem characteristics of 15 E. nitens trees from a 22-year-old thinning trial in northeastern Tasmania were examined. The trial had been thinned 16 years previously. Lowering the intensity of local intraspecific competition through thinning increased the crown dry mass in the north-facing aspect. No direct link was found between crown dry mass distribution and stem eccentricity. The direction of pith eccentricity at 3.0 m height was confined to the northwest and southeast sectors and averaged 11%; the degree of noncircularity in stems at 3.0 m height was strongly related to the ratio of stem diameter to total height squared. These results suggest that the dynamic loading from wind exposure plays a greater role in determining the extent and direction of pith eccentricity and stem cross-sectional circularity in E. nitens than does the static load from asymmetrical crown dry mass distribution.

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