NILAI USAHA INDUSTRI PRIMER HASIL HUTAN KAYU PADA CV SINAR JAYA DI KECAMATAN CIGUDEG KABUPATEN BOGOR

Community forests are the source of raw materials for the Primary Wood Forest Products Industry at CV Sinar Jaya in Cigudeg District, Bogor Regency. Optimizing the use of these raw materials can affect the business value of the wood processing industry. The purpose of this study was to determine the yield value and to analyze the business value of sawmill activities at CV. Sinar Jaya. The research method was carried out by means of quantitative analysis methods of collecting production data by direct measurement and interviews as well as calculating the value of economic income obtained from sawmill activities and overall waste utilization, the size of wood raw materials includes 10 centimeters to 30 centimeters with a length of 2 ,8 meters to 3 meters. The results showed that the average yield value is 55%, productivity is 1.51 m3/hour round wood, sawn wood is 0.83 m3/hour production cost is Rp 1,181,600,000.0/year, Income value is Rp. 1,509,600,0000.00/year, net profit value is Rp. 328,000.00/year, the value of marketing costs is Rp. 0 the value of the benefit cost ratio is 1.28/year and the work performance value of logs is Rp. 12,712.89 sawn wood Rp. 22,867.14. To increase the yield, the skills of the sawing workforce must be improved to minimize damage toeach sortimen. In order for business value to increase, productivity must be intensified and the availability of raw materials must be sustainable.

ARSITEKTUR UMA LULIK FUILORO, LOSPALOS KOTA, TIMOR-LESTE

Uma Lulik is a sacred house for the people of Timor-Leste. This house is the unification of Nain (owner, ruler or supreme), Beala (ancestor), Lulik (sacred "nature and its contents"), Lisan (tradition "family or human life".). Uma Lulik in Fuiloro is built or renovated every 10 to 20 years depending on the lia nain and fatal building problems that occur in Uma Lulik, to serve as a bond between families. Uma Lulik remains a comfortable place for people to carry out rituals with their ancestors, those who are here and those who have gone. The purpose of this study was to find the architectural characteristics of uma lulik in the fuiloro tribe, Lospalos City. Interpretive history method is used by looking at interpreting past conditions with the present. The result showed that Uma lulik in Fuiloro tribe characteristic has a single stilt-shaped building as a place for sacral ceremonies and storage of sacred goods. The interior consists of kitchen and Labor Dato. The shape of the roof is pointed with 55° as high as + 7m-9m. This building has square floor plan + 3m x 3m or + 4m x 4m, rectangular wall + 3m x 4m, and column of 4 round wood arrangements as high as + 3m-4m. Materials consist of ulin wood (ai-bessi), rose wood (ai-ná), acadiro (ai-acadirum), bamboo (au-maus), palapeira/palapa (ai-car) and gamuteira/ gamuti (au-naulurir). Ornaments are woven long ropes and carvings. Structural systems are ‘ikat’ and portal systems.

Benchmarking Procurement Cost Saving Strategies for Wood Supply Chains

Intense international competition pushes the actors of wood supply chains to implement efficient wood supply chain management incorporating coordinated cost-saving strategies to remain competitive. In order to observe the effects of individual and coordinated decision making, mixed-integer programming models for forestry, round-wood transport, and the wood-based industry were developed and integrated. The models deal with operational planning issues regarding production, harvest, and transport and are solved sequentially for individual cost optimization of each wood supply chain actor as well as simultaneously by a combined model representing joint cost optimization in an integrated wood supply chain. This allows for the first time, benchmarking relative cost-saving potential of the wood procurement strategies coordinated transports, integrated supply chains, satellite stockyards, and higher truck payloads within a single case study setting. Based on case study data from southern Austria, results show the advantages of an integrated supply chain with a cost-saving potential of up to 24%. Higher truck payloads reinforce this potential and enable up to 40% savings compared to the predominant wood procurement situation in Central Europe. Wood supply chain integration for Central European circumstances seems to be feasible only for a limited consortium of a few companies, for example when restricted to a wood-buying syndicate supplying several industry plants or a few large forest enterprises, especially as both groups are commonly steering wood transport on their own. Consequently, further research on the challenging task of implementing integrated supply chains using the opportunities of digitalization to realize existing cost savings potential by deepening cooperation and intensifying information exchange is needed.

Semi-empirical estimation of log taper using stem profile equations

In January 2019 the forest industry in Ukraine adopted European standards for measuring and grading of round wood based on mid-point diameters, which caused major discrepancies from traditionally used estimates of timber volume using top diameters. To compare methods of merchantable wood volume estimation, we investigated the stem form inside bark for two dominant tree species in Ukraine, i.e. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and common oak (Quercus robur L.). We used tree stem measurements to fit stem profile equations, whereas simulation was applied to derive log taper. We found that Newnham's (1992) variable-exponent taper equation performed well for predicting stem taper for both tree species. Then, we simulated the structure of harvested wood, so that it replicated annual distribution of logs by their length and diameters. As a result, the average log taper was estimated at 0.836 ÷ 0.855 cm·m^–1 and 1.180 ÷ 0.121 cm·m^–1 for pine and oak, respectively. The study also indicated that log taper varied along stems. The higher rates of diameter decrease were found for butt logs, for which the taper was 2.5–3.5 times higher than its average for the whole stem. The results of our study ensure the stacked round wood volume conversion between estimates obtained using top and mid-point diameters.

INFLUENCE OF FOREST STAND DENSITY ON PINUS SYLVESTRIS ROUNDWOOD QUALITY IN EVEN-AGED MIXED SCOTS PINE STANDS IN MYRTILLOSA MEL. MESOTROPHIC SITE TYPE

Among different development directions for better forest utilization, the purposefully detailed assessment of wood quality as raw material, faciliating improved wood utilization in manufacturing of traditional roundwood products as well as brand new products, proves to be very perspective. Roundwood quality features substantially differ depending on forest stand geographic location, growing site conditions, tending of forest stands and other circumstances [2], [3], [11]. Therefore, the economical estimation of more important tree species in Latvia should not be based only on scientific conclusions made in other countries, so particular research is needed for this purpose. Pine (Pinus sylvestris) is the most widespread tree species in Latvia, therefore a research work provided the characteristic of round wood obtained from pine tree stem is an actual point from several aspects, as it is necessary;to create early prediction models of roundwood quality; to plan harvesting purposes;to create the data basis of economically more relevant domestic tree species;to provide the further development of roundwood quality assessment methods;to estimate the competitiveness of Latvia pine timber in the world marketThe main goal of study is to work out the quality characteristic of pine roundwood manufactured in final felling sites depending on timber formation damages- bark abrasion caused side drought.

Influence of Allowances on Taking Log Deliveries

This paper deals with differences between the declared and actually supplied volume of round wood, which can be seen in the sawmill log yards in taking log deliveries. These differences usually mean the losses for the suppliers. Authors focus on the length accuracy of supplied logs. They start with a comprehensive manual checking of log deliveries (2639 logs) and with calibration of electronic measuring equipment (238 logs) made by an accredited laboratory. Authors analyse the origins of the differences, they quantify the volume “voluntarily” given by the suppliers in the form of oversized allowances and the volume of the losses caused by classifying the logs to a lower length group if the necessary allowance lengths are not observed (the volume is counted using e.g. 1 m shorter nominal length). The term “extra allowance” is introduced for allowances longer than wanted, and the dependences among the length of extra allowances, log diameter, volume of extra allowances and number of logs with too short allowance are defined. Losses caused by both of these defects (over- or under-sized logs) are counted and compared. If the log length value is exactly the required one or close to it (it means nominal length and required allowance), the measuring equipment can still measure a lower value because of the required precision of 1 %. Losses are also caused by reclassifying the logs to a lower group. Suppliers cut the logs longer (make “extra allowances”) to ensure that the volume calculation is based on the right nominal length and not shorter. The research shows big differences between particular suppliers and their losses caused by extra allowances or reclassification of logs. The authors searched the optimum allowance in order to minimise the losses of the supplier. The results of the analysis give the following recommendations: for suppliers who do not use harvesters for felling and logging, it would be preferable to supply round timber in tree lengths due to the volume lost by reclassification. Today, however, this is not possible in most cases because large customers buy only logs because of technological reasons. Another aspect is the price, which is usually higher for raw material in logs. In the production of logs, it is preferable to increase the required 2 % allowance by 4-5 cm, if it is possible to produce the logs relatively accurately. If accuracy cannot be maintained, it is preferable to increase the allowance to about 7 cm (e.g. mountainous terrain, poor quality and curved timber, lack of experienced staff).

Effect of Fungus Meripilus giganteus (Pers.) P. Karst. on Occurrence and Development of False Heartwood and Rot in Fagus sylvatica L. Round Wood

Common beech is one of the most widespread and important European tree species, widely used in timber industry and for energy production. Under specific set of complex factors, it facutatetivly develops false heartwood, which considerably decreases market demand and value of processed logs. Due to its properties, false heartwood is more susceptible to attack of wood decay fungi, which leads to further loss of wood quality and value. One of the most common fungi able to cause heart rot in beech is Meripilus giganteus, known for its spread in the basal parts of the tree, where it can affect most valuable sections of round wood. The aims of this study were to monitor the distribution of fungus and appearance of its fruiting bodies in research area, and to analyze the extent of fungus impact on shape and size of false heartwood and occurrence and length of rot in infected trees, while taking into account the observed stem damage as a possible influential factor. Fruiting bodies occurrence, life span and position on a tree were monitored during a six-year period. For trees with confirmed infection, stem damage was evaluated and appointed to one of four size classes. False heartwood shape and share in associated stem cross-section were observed and measured on 1–4 cross-sections per tree at different heights, and compared between infected and uninfected trees. If present, length of wood decay extent on butt-log was measured. The obtained results confirmed increased susceptibility of mature trees to infection, which seemed to occur mostly via roots from where mycelium spread into stem base. It was found that Meripilus giganteus has a significant impact on enlargement and change of FH shape from cloud- to star-like, up to approximately 5 m of the stem height, thus causing devaluation of the first assortments. The presence of rot was confirmed on the majority of infected trees, extending averagely 0.5 m into the first processed log, causing the loss of utilizable volume and thus the value of round wood. Stem damage category showed no significant effect on false heartwood or rot, supporting the prevailing impact of the fungus.

Reliability of photo-optical measurements of log stack gross volume

In terms of assessing economic impact, one of the most important elements in the wood supply chain is the measurement of round wood. Besides the one-by-one measurement of logs, logs are often measured when stacked at the forest road. The gross stacked volume includes the volume of the wood, bark and airspace and is widely used for industrial wood assortments. The increasing international attention given to photo-optical measurement systems for portable devices is due to their simplicity of use and efficiency. The aim of this study was to compare the gross volumes of hardwood log stacks measured using one widespread photo-optical app with two manual section-wise volume estimations of log stacks based on the German framework agreement for timber trade (RVR). The manual volume estimations were done starting from the left (RVR) and right (RVR) sides of the log stacks. The results showed an average deviation of the photo-optical gross volume estimation in comparison to the manual estimation of –2.09% (RVR) and –3.66% (RVR) while the deviation between RVR and RVR was +2.54%. However, the log stack gross volume had a highly significant effect on the deviation and better accuracy with smaller deviation were reached for larger log stacks. Moreover, results indicated that the gross volume estimations of higher quality log stacks were closer for the three analyzed methods compared to estimations of poor-quality log stacks.leftrightleftrightleftright

PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS OF DATA FROM FELLING-KNOT-CUTTING-BUCKING MACHINES

Modern logging equipment, which is supplied in the Russian Federation, supports work with the StanForD2010 standard. It allows you to store data that is collected from forest machines in the process of harvesting round wood in convenient formats. The most commonly used formats in the Russian Federation include stm, prd, drf. Currently, almost all logging equipment and software on it are foreign. Most of the supplied software bundled with forest equipment is partially used or not used at all. However, you can only purchase the entire software package. If the company has forest machines from different manufacturers, it is necessary to purchase software for each of them, which entails significant costs for loggers. Therefore, there is a need to develop similar software that would preserve the necessary functionality to ensure control over the logging process, as well as reduce its cost for the end user. As part of this work, software has been developed for importing and decrypting individual stm files from forest machines, evaluating the size and quality characteristics of harvested wood in graphical and tabular forms, which allows you to quickly analyze and adjust the harvesting process. This direction is relevant for logging enterprises of the Russian Federation.

Research findings of an relocatable small size pontoon pier interaction with the aquatic medium during its towing

Использование мобильных малогабаритных причалов дает возможность при снижении затрат организовать погрузку лесоматериалов на суда в пунктах отправления с помощью техники лесозаготовителей. Это создает предпосылки для существенного увеличения объемов перевозки лесоматериалов более дешевым водным транспортом, обеспечивает экономическую доступность древесного сырья, основная часть которого находится в удаленных лесных массивах. Предполагается, что при эксплуатации мобильных причалов они нередко будут перемещаться с одного пункта погрузки на другой в условиях небольших рек с помощью судов малой мощности. Для выполнения расчетов, связанных с указанным перемещением, нужны достаточно точные сведения о сопротивлении воды движению причалов при наличии влияния дна. При теоретическом исследовании установили факторы, влияющие на величину сопротивления воды равномерному перемещению причала. Представили соответствующую зависимость в символьном виде. Преобразовали ее, получив зависимость в безразмерном виде. Обосновали возможность исключения из числа определяющих факторов числа Рейнольдса и целесообразность фиксирования факторов, характеризующих форму подводной части причала. Полученное в результате символьное решение - зависимость коэффициента сопротивления воды от относительной глубины и числа Фруда. Опираясь на нее, провели эксперименты на модели с обеспечением физического подобия. По данным эксперимента получена регрессионная модель, позволяющая вычислять коэффициент сопротивления воды равномерному движению причала, а по величине этого коэффициента определять с использованием формулы Ньютона значение силы сопротивления. Анализируя регрессионную модель, установили, что изменение скорости буксировки относительно воды от 0,5 до 1,5 м/с и соответственно числа Фруда приводит к увеличению коэффициента сопротивления на 20…25%. Изменение относительной глубины от 4,0 до 1,5 вызывает увеличение указанного коэффициента на 110…120%. Столь существенное влияние мелководья в данном случае объяснили наличием постепенно сужающей области между днищем причала и дном водоема, что приводит к более значительному увеличению относительной скорости в задней части причала. Полученная информация дает возможность наилучшим образом спланировать мероприятия, связанные с буксировкой причалов от одного пункта перевалки грузов к другому. Appliance of the relocatable small-sized pontoon piers allows to use the logging machinery for loading of the round wood at the sites of shipment. It enables to increase volumes of the timber transportation volumes using relatively unexpensive water transport and provides better access to the raw wood resources placed at the remote wood stands. It is suggested that the mobile pontoon piers will be replaced from one loading site at the small-scale shallow river to another, using the small-sized tugboats. In order to make projections of these towing operations, the reliable information regarding water resistance to the pontoons motion is needed, taking into consideration the low depths conditions. The named circumstances justify necessity of the mentioned research. As a part of the theoretical study, the factors affecting the resistance of water to uniform velocity motion of a pontoon were characterized. The corresponding dependence was presented in the symbolicand dimensionless forms. The reasons for exclusion of the Reynolds number and fixing of the of a pontoon underwater body patterns were justified. The resulting symbolic form establishes dependence of water resistance coefficient from relative depth and the Froude number. Based upon the developed equation, the model experiments were proceeded. The regression model for calculation of the resistance coefficient and consequently, using the Newton equation, the force of hydraulic drag - was developed. Variation of the towing speed (related to water) from 0.5 to 1.5 m/sec. and, consequently, increase of the Froude number, lead to 20…25% raise of the coefficient of resistance. The relative depth decrease from 4.0 to 1.5 causes 110…120% increase of the mentioned coefficient. Such a sufficient impact of shallowness is explained by increase of the relative velocity in the afterbody zone of a pontoon. The acquired information allows to improve planning of towing operations during relocation of the pontoon piers from one loading site to another.