Elevated CO2 Increases Root Mass and Leaf Nitrogen Resorption in Red Maple (Acer rubrum L.)

To understand whether the process of seasonal nitrogen resorption and biomass allocation are different in CO2-enriched plants, seedlings of red maple (Acer rubrum L.) were exposed to three CO2 concentrations (800 µL L−1 CO2 treatments—A800, 600 µL L−1 CO2 treatments—A600, and 400 µL L−1 CO2 treatments—A400) in nine continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) chambers. Leaf mass per area, leaf area, chlorophyll index, carbon (C), nitrogen (N) contents, nitrogen resorption efficiency (NRE), and biomass allocation response were investigated. The results indicated that: (1) Significant leaf N decline was found in senescent leaves of two CO2 treatments, which led to an increase of 43.4% and 39.7% of the C/N ratio in A800 and A600, respectively. (2) Elevated CO2 induced higher NRE, with A800 and A600 showing significant increments of 50.3% and 46.2%, respectively. (3) Root biomass increased 33.1% in A800 and thus the ratio of root to shoot ratio was increased by 25.8%. In conclusion, these results showed that to support greater nutrient and water uptake and the continued response of biomass under elevated CO2, Acer rubrum partitioned more biomass to root and increased leaf N resorption efficiency.

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Fertilization of Red Maple ( Acer rubrum) and Littleleaf Linden ( Tilia cordata) Trees at Recommended Rates Does Not Aid Tree Establishment

Arboriculture & Urban Forestry ◽

10.48044/jauf.2007.012 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 113-121

Author(s):

Susan Day ◽

J. Roger Harris

Keyword(s):

Acer Rubrum ◽

Fertilizer Application ◽

Leaf Nitrogen ◽

Additional Treatment ◽

Leaf Nitrogen Content ◽

Tilia Cordata ◽

Red Maple ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Loam Soil ◽

Fertilizer Regimes

Landscape trees typically grow slowly for several years after transplanting. We investigated whether fertilization could speed tree growth during this establishment period, which fertilization regimes were most effective, and whether fertilization interacted with irrigation. Fifty-four each of landscape-sized, balled-and-burlapped red maple (Acer rubrum) and littleleaf linden (Tilia cordata) were planted into a relatively infertile silt loam soil and were fertilized (1.5 kg N/100 m 2[3 lb N/1000 ft 2]) each spring (either including or not including at planting), each fall, or not fertilized. Each of these fertilizer regimes was either irrigated or not irrigated during 3 years. An additional treatment of an unirrigated, split (spring/fall) fertilizer application was included. There was no evidence that fertilization affected irrigated trees differently than unirrigated trees. Overall, fertilization did not speed establishment and did not affect trunk growth, shoot extension, or leaf nitrogen content. There was no evidence that fall fertilization might be more effective than spring fertilization. There was no indication that fertilized trees experienced increased drought stress. Nitrogen rates and factors affecting fertilizer uptake are discussed.

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Red hot maples: Acer rubrum first-year phenology and growth responses to soil warming

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/cjfr-2016-0288 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 47 (2) ◽

pp. 159-165 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J.A. Wheeler ◽

N.M. Gonzalez ◽

K.A. Stinson

Keyword(s):

Biomass Allocation ◽

Environmental Conditions ◽

Acer Rubrum ◽

Growing Season ◽

Tree Seedlings ◽

Red Maple ◽

Growth Responses ◽

Soil Warming ◽

Leaf Production ◽

Trade Offs

Microhabitat environmental conditions are an important filter for seedling establishment, controlling the availability of optimal recruitment sites. Understanding how tree seedlings respond to warming soil temperature is critical for predicting population recruitment in the future hardwood forests of northeastern North America, particularly as environmental conditions and thus optimal microhabitat availabilities change. We examined the effect of soil warming of 5 °C during the first growing season on germination, survival, phenology, growth, and stem and root biomass allocation in Acer rubrum L. (red maple) seedlings. While there was no effect of soil warming on germination or survival, seedlings growing in warmer soils demonstrated significantly accelerated leaf expansion, delayed autumn leaf senescence, and an extended leaf production period. Further, seedlings growing in warmer soils showed larger leaf area and stem and root structures at the end of the first growing season, with no evidence of biomass allocation trade-offs. Results suggest that A. rubrum seedlings can capitalize on soil warming by adjusting leaf phenology and leaf production, resulting in a longer period of carbon uptake and leading to higher overall biomass. The absence of growth allocation trade-offs suggests that A. rubrum will respond positively to increasing soil temperatures in northeastern forests, at least in the early life stages.

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Elevated atmospheric humidity prolongs active growth period and increases leaf nitrogen resorption efficiency of silver birch

Oecologia ◽

10.1007/s00442-020-04688-8 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 193 (2) ◽

pp. 449-460

Author(s):

K. Rosenvald ◽

K. Lõhmus ◽

G. Rohula-Okunev ◽

R. Lutter ◽

P. Kupper ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Period ◽

Leaf Nitrogen ◽

Silver Birch ◽

Resorption Efficiency ◽

Atmospheric Humidity ◽

Active Growth ◽

Nitrogen Resorption ◽

Active Growth Period ◽

Nitrogen Resorption Efficiency

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Down-Regulation of Photosynthesis to Elevated CO2 and N Fertilization in Understory Fraxinus rhynchophylla Seedlings

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12091197 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 1197

Author(s):

Siyeon Byeon ◽

Kunhyo Kim ◽

Jeonghyun Hong ◽

Seohyun Kim ◽

Sukyung Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Elevated Co2 ◽

N Fertilization ◽

Leaf Nitrogen ◽

N Availability ◽

Down Regulation ◽

Leaf Production ◽

N Concentration ◽

Leaf N Concentration ◽

Regulation Of Photosynthesis ◽

Leaf N

(1) Background: Down-regulation of photosynthesis has been commonly reported in elevated CO2 (eCO2) experiments and is accompanied by a reduction of leaf nitrogen (N) concentration. Decreased N concentrations in plant tissues under eCO2 can be attributed to an increase in nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) and are possibly related to N availability. (2) Methods: To examine whether the reduction of leaf N concentration under eCO2 is related to N availability, we investigated understory Fraxinus rhynchophylla seedlings grown under three different CO2 conditions (ambient, 400 ppm [aCO2]; ambient × 1.4, 560 ppm [eCO21.4]; and ambient × 1.8, 720 ppm [eCO21.8]) and three different N concentrations for 2 years. (3) Results: Leaf and stem biomass did not change under eCO2 conditions, whereas leaf production and stem and branch biomass were increased by N fertilization. Unlike biomass, the light-saturated photosynthetic rate and photosynthetic N-use efficiency (PNUE) increased under eCO2 conditions. However, leaf N, Rubisco, and chlorophyll decreased under eCO2 conditions in both N-fertilized and unfertilized treatments. Contrary to the previous studies, leaf NSC decreased under eCO2 conditions. Unlike leaf N concentration, N concentration of the stem under eCO2 conditions was higher than that under ambient CO2 (4). Conclusions: Leaf N concentration was not reduced by NSC under eCO2 conditions in the understory, and unlike other organs, leaf N concentration might be reduced due to increased PNUE.

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Foliar morphology and chemistry of upland oaks, red maple, and sassafras seedlings in response to single and repeated prescribed fires

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x09-007 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 740-754 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

H.D. Alexander ◽

M.A. Arthur

Keyword(s):

Prescribed Fire ◽

Acer Rubrum ◽

Leaf Traits ◽

Canopy Openness ◽

Leaf Mass Per Area ◽

Prescribed Fires ◽

Red Maple ◽

Basal Diameter ◽

Leaf N Content ◽

Seedling Leaf

Managers increasingly use prescribed fire in oak forests to decrease fire-sensitive species, increase understory light, and improve oak ( Quercus spp.) regeneration. To better understand woody seedling response to burning, single and repeated (3×) prescribed fires were implemented over 6 years (2002–2007) in eastern Kentucky, and leaf traits of red ( Erythrobalanus spp.) and white oaks ( Leucobalanus spp.) were compared with competitors red maple ( Acer rubrum L.) and sassafras ( Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees). Burned seedlings had higher total leaf area (TLA) because of two to three times higher TLA of sassafras. Leaf mass per area (LMA) and leaf N content per area (Narea) increased postfire but were independent of seedling identity. Canopy openness during 2006, which was lower on unburned sites (4%–8%) compared with those burned 1× (4%–16%) and 3× (7%–33%), was positively correlated with sassafras TLA, oak and sassafras Narea, and LMA of all seedling groups the subsequent year. In 2007, TLA, LMA, and Narea were positively correlated with basal diameter of all groups but most significantly for sassafras and red maple. These findings indicate that low-intensity, early growing season prescribed fire can alter seedling leaf characteristics, but not in a manner that enhances oak seedling leaf traits relative to their competitors red maple and sassafras.

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Effects of Elevated CO2 Concentrations on Leaf Senescence and Late-Season Net Photosynthesis of Red Maple (Acer rubrum)

Water Air & Soil Pollution ◽

10.1007/s11270-020-04828-z ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 231 (9) ◽

Author(s):

Li Li ◽

William Manning ◽

Xiaoke Wang

Keyword(s):

Elevated Co2 ◽

Leaf Senescence ◽

Acer Rubrum ◽

Net Photosynthesis ◽

Red Maple ◽

Late Season ◽

Co2 Concentrations

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Effects of Elevated CO2 on Leaf Senescence, Leaf Nitrogen Resorption, and Late-Season Photosynthesis in Tilia americana L.

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2019.01217 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Li Li ◽

Xiaoke Wang ◽

William J. Manning

Keyword(s):

Elevated Co2 ◽

Leaf Senescence ◽

Leaf Nitrogen ◽

Late Season ◽

Nitrogen Resorption

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Species-Specific Nitrogen Resorption Efficiency in Quercus mongolica and Acer mono in Response to Elevated CO2 and Soil N Deficiency

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12081034 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 1034

Author(s):

Hiroyuki Tobita ◽

Mitsutoshi Kitao ◽

Akira Uemura ◽

Hajime Utsugi

Keyword(s):

Elevated Co2 ◽

Interactive Effect ◽

Leaf Mass Per Area ◽

Soil N ◽

Resorption Efficiency ◽

High Co2 ◽

Quercus Mongolica ◽

Interspecific Differences ◽

N Deficiency ◽

Acer Mono

To test the effects of elevated CO2 and soil N deficiency on N resorption efficiency (NRE) from senescing leaves in two non-N2-fixing deciduous broadleaved tree species, Japanese oak (Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata Blume) and Painted maple (Acer mono Maxim. var. glabrum (Lév. Et Van’t.) Hara), potted seedlings were grown in a natural daylight phytotron with either ambient or elevated CO2 conditions (36 Pa and 72 Pa CO2) and with two levels of N (52.5 and 5.25 mg N pot−1 week−1 for high N and low N, respectively). We examined the N content (Nmass) of mature and senescent leaves, as well as photosynthesis and the growth of plants, and calculated both the mass-based NRE (NREmass) and leaf area-based NRE (NREarea). In both species, the Nmass of mature leaves decreased with high CO2 and low N, whereas the leaf mass per area (LMA) increased under elevated CO2, regardless of N treatments. In Q. mongolica, both the maximum rate of carboxylation (Vcmax) and the maximum electron transport rate (Jmax) were reduced by elevated CO2 and low N, but Vcmax exhibited an interactive effect of N and CO2 treatments. However, in A. mono, both the Vcmax and Jmax decreased under elevated CO2, regardless of N treatments. The partitioning of N for the photosynthetic function within leaves was also significantly decreased by elevated CO2 in both species and increased under low N in A. mono. The Nmass of senesced leaves decreased under low N in both species and exhibited an increase (Q. mongolica) or no effect (A. mono) by elevated CO2. The NREarea of Q. mongolica was affected by CO2 and N treatments, with a decrease under elevated CO2 compared to ambient CO2 and under low N compared to high N. The NREarea of A. mono was also affected by CO2 and N treatments and decreased under elevated CO2; however, unlike in the case of Q. mongolica, it increased under low N. We speculate that these interspecific differences in the responses of leaf N allocation, indicated by the photosynthetic (Vcmax and Jmax) and morphological (LMA) responses to elevated CO2, may have affected the NRE during defoliation under high CO2 and soil N-deficient conditions.

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