scholarly journals Provenance Geographical and Climatic Characteristics Influence Budburst Phenology of Southwestern Ponderosa Pine Seedlings

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1067
Author(s):  
Aalap Dixit ◽  
Thomas Kolb ◽  
Owen Burney
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Elevational Gradient ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Mean Annual Precipitation ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Provenance Variation ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Budburst Phenology

Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Lawson & C. Lawson var. scopulorum Engelm.) forests of the southwestern US are threatened by climate change and deforestation. Information about geographic patterns of provenance variation in budburst phenology is needed to make decisions about selecting seed sources for future planting. In this study, provenance variation in the budburst phenology of ponderosa pine seedlings was examined using common garden studies. Seedlings from 21 provenances, representing an elevational gradient in Arizona and New Mexico, were planted in July 2018 at a ponderosa pine-dominated field site in northern Arizona. Field budburst was monitored weekly on all seedlings in the spring of 2019. Field budburst was compared with budburst timing of the same provenances measured under greenhouse conditions. The hypotheses for this study were that (1) budburst varies among provenances, with earlier budburst in low-elevation provenances, and (2) differences in budburst timing among provenances are consistent for seedlings grown in greenhouse and field environments. Field results show that provenances vary in budburst date and that low- and middle-elevation provenances break bud sooner than high-elevation provenances. Field budburst date had a moderate, positive correlation with provenance mean annual precipitation (r = 0.522) and a moderate, negative trend with latitude (r = −0.413). Budburst date of provenances in the greenhouse had a moderate, positive trend with budburst date in the field (r = 0.554), suggesting application of greenhouse results to field plantings. Such information about provenance variation and environmental and geographic trends in budburst timing will be useful for developing species-specific seed transfer guidelines and effective assisted migration strategies in a changing climate.

scholarly journals Provenance Variation in Early Survival, Growth, and Carbon Isotope Discrimination of Southwestern Ponderosa Pine Growing in Three Common Gardens across an Elevational Gradient

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1561
Author(s):  
Aalap Dixit ◽  
Thomas Kolb ◽  
Owen Burney ◽  
Karen Mock ◽  
Kevin Grady
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Carbon Isotope ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Carbon Isotope Discrimination ◽  
Elevational Gradient ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Provenance Variation ◽  
Isotope Discrimination ◽  
Common Gardens ◽  
High Elevation Site

We investigated early survival, growth, and carbon isotope discrimination of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Lawson & C. Lawson var. scopulorum Engelm.) seedlings from different provenances using common gardens across an elevational gradient in order to examine the potential for adaptation to extreme environments and constraints to artificial regeneration. Twenty-one provenances from a range of elevations across Arizona and New Mexico were planted in three common gardens: a high-elevation meadow in aspen-mixed conifer forest, a mid-elevation ponderosa pine forest, and a low-elevation pinyon juniper woodland. Two years after planting in 2018, survival was highest at the mid-elevation site (54%), low at the high-elevation site (1.5%), and 0% at the low-elevation site. At the hot and dry low-elevation site, provenances from low-elevations survived longer than provenances from mid- and high-elevations, which suggests greater drought tolerance of low-elevation provenances. Mortality agents changed from abiotic (drought) to biotic (herbivory) with an increase in elevation across sites. High mortality of seedlings planted at high-elevation sites from biotic agents, such as rodents, may challenge efforts to establish ponderosa pine in assisted migration projects. Seedlings had significantly higher growth rate and carbon isotope discrimination (∆13C) at the mid-elevation site than the high-elevation site. Provenances differed significantly in diameter, and ∆13C, but not in height growth rate for the first year after planting. Provenance variation in ∆13C suggests genetic variation in water use efficiency that may be useful for future evaluation of southwestern ponderosa pine seed sources for reforestation.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Physical Barriers to Protect Ponderosa Pine Seedlings from Pocket Gophers

1999 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 164-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Pipas ◽  
Gary W. Witmer
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
Pocket Gophers ◽  
Thomomys Talpoides ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Physical Barriers ◽  
Growth Of Seedlings ◽  
Medium Weight ◽  
Better Than

Abstract A 2 yr study on the Rogue River and Mt. Hood National Forests in Oregon evaluated physical barriers for protection of Pinus ponderosa seedlings against damage by Thomomys talpoides. Seedlings protected with one of three weights of: (1) plastic mesh tubing (Vexar®) or (2) sandpapertubing (Durite®) were evaluated against control seedlings. On the Rogue River sites, Vexar® seedlings had the highest survival (62.6%), followed by the controls (59.1%), then Durite® seedlings (17.9%). Gophers were the primary cause of death for the Vexar® seedlings, versus desiccation for the Durite® seedlings. On the Mt. Hood sites, heavyweight Vexar® seedlings had the highest survival (35.4%), medium-weight Durite® seedlings the lowest (2.7%). Seedling mortality caused by gophers was highest for controls (70.2%), followed by light-weight (62.2%) and heavy-weight (53.9%) Vexar® treatments. Overall survival was low (Rogue River = 42%, Mt. Hood = 19.8%). Growth was greatest for the control seedlings but only significantly greater than growth of Durite® seedlings on the Rogue River sites. Growth of seedlings was not compromised by the Vexar® tubing. Although neither type of tubing was highly protective, Vexar® tubes performed better than Durite® tubes. West. J. Appl. For. 14(3):164-168.

Effect of Bearmat (Chamaebatia foliolosa) on Soil Moisture and Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa) Growth

Weed Science ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Tappeiner ◽  
Steven R. Radosevich
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Wood Production ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

An experiment was established in 1961 to determine the influence of bearmat (Chamaebatia foliolosa Benth.) competition on ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) survival and growth. Ponderosa pine seedlings were planted in bearmat which was: (A) untreated, (B) sprayed with a mixture of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] and 2,4,5-T [(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], and (C) eliminated by a combination of herbicide, clipping sprouts, and trenching to prevent root and rhizome invasion. Ponderosa pine survival after 19 yr averaged 9%, 66%, and 90%, respectively, for the three treatments. Tree height after 19 yr averaged 1.6, 1.9, and 5.7 m for treatments A, B, and C, respectively. Soil moisture use was initially less on the herbicide-treated than on the untreated plots, but bearmat quickly sprouted after application to compete with the pine seedlings for moisture. After 19 yr the bearmat was more dense and appeared to be more vigorous on the sprayed plots than on those receiving no treatment. We estimate that 75% reduction in net wood production could result after 50 yr on this site from bearmat competition.

Genetically Improved Ponderosa Pine Seedlings Outgrow Nursery-Run Seedlings with and without Competition—Early Findings

1994 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip M. McDonald ◽  
Gary O. Fiddler ◽  
Jay H. Kitzmiller
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Northern California ◽  
Stem Height ◽  
Herbaceous Vegetation ◽  
Competing Vegetation ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Genetically Improved

Abstract Three classes of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) seedlings (nursery-run, wind-pollinated, control-pollinated) were evaluated for stem height and diameter at the USDA Forest Service's Placerville Nursery and the Georgetown Ranger District in northern California. Pines in all three classes were grown with competing vegetation or maintained in a free-to-grow condition. Control-pollinated seedlings were statistically taller (P < 0.05) than nursery-run counterparts when outplanted, and after 1 and 2 growing seasons in the field with and without competition. They also had significantly larger diameters when outplanted and after 2 growing seasons in the field when free to grow. Wind-pollinated seedlings grew taller than nursery-run seedlings when free to grow. A large amount of competing vegetation [bearclover (Chamaebatia foliolosa)—29,490 plants per acre; herbaceous vegetation—11,500; hardwood sprouts—233; and whiteleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos viscida) seedlings—100] ensure that future pine development will be tested rigorously. West. J. Appl. For. 9(2):00-00.

Molecular identification of ectomycorrhizas associated with ponderosa pine seedlings in Patagonian nurseries (Argentina)

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 1940-1950 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Barroetaveña ◽  
M. B. Pildain ◽  
M. E. Salgado Salomón ◽  
J. L. Eberhart
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
New Records ◽  
Restriction Analysis ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
General Knowledge ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Important Group ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Wilcoxina Mikolae

Ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. & C. Laws.), an ectomycorrhiza (EM) dependent species, has been widely introduced in Patagonia, Argentina. This study used morphotyping, restriction analysis, and sequencing of EM root tips from ponderosa pine seedlings in two nurseries to assess the complete EM fungus (EMF) richness, to confirm doubtful identities of commonly reported morphotypes, and to evaluate the efficiency of morphotyping compared with molecular analysis. This interdisciplinary approach together with the fact that is the first study in which Patagonian nurseries EMF are genetically evaluated contributes to the general knowledge of this important group of fungi. Sequencing revealed the presence of 11 taxa. Basidiomycetes included Thelephoraceae ( Tomentella sp.), Atheliaceae ( Amphinema byssoides (Pers.) J. Erikss.), Hydnangiaceae ( Laccaria sp.), Rhizopogonaceae ( Rhizopogon roseolus (Corda) Th. Fr.), and Cortinariaceae ( Hebeloma mesophaeum (Pers.) Quel.). Ascomycetes included Pezizaceae ( Wilcoxina mikolae (Chin S. Yang & H.E. Wilcox) Chin S. Yang & Korf and Wilcoxina sp.) and Tuberaceae ( Tuber sp.). Morphotyping proved to be useful for certain EMF species (R. roseolus, H. mesophaeum, A. byssoides, and to a lesser extent Tuber sp.) in which some morphological features are conspicuous and unique. Our detection of W. mikolae and Wilcoxina sp. are new records for ponderosa pine in Patagonia. All of the EM taxa identified are common to pine plantations and nurseries around the world, and no indigenous EM associated with native Nothofagus spp. were found.

scholarly journals Effect of Root-Plug Incorporated Controlled-Release Fertilizer on Two-Year Growth and Survival of Planted Ponderosa Pine Seedlings

2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 216-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Moore ◽  
Zhaofei Fan ◽  
Bahman Shafii
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Good Survival ◽  
Controlled Release Fertilizer ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Fast Release

Abstract Three controlled-release fertilizers (fast release [FR], moderate release [MR], and slow release [SR]) were incorporated in the root plug at rates of 0.8, 1.6, or 3.2 g/seedling at the time of sowing as supplements to nursery supplied soluble fertilizer. Effects on seedling growth, survival, and foliar nutrient status of the “160/90” container ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) were evaluated after outplanting. At the end of the second growing season, fertilized seedlings had significantly greater diameter and height than unfertilized seedlings. The 3.2 g of MR or SR fertilizer treatments produced significantly higher mortality (55 and 36%, respectively) than the controls. The fast release fertilizer included at a rate of 0.8 g in each seedling's container was the preferred treatment since it produced good survival and seedling growth response. A 2-yr growth response of about 25% was similar to that observed in a nearby study using adjacent placement of controlled-release fertilizer after planting ponderosa pine seedlings. West. J. Appl. For. 17(4):216–219.

The decline and recovery of photosynthesis of ponderosa pine seedlings subjected to low, but above freezing temperatures

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 1965-1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Pharis ◽  
H. Hellmers ◽  
E. Schuurmans
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Chilling Injury ◽  
Freezing Temperature ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Respiratory Apparatus

The daily course of photosynthesis (Ps) was determined for ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) seedlings before and after their transfer from 23° to 11° or 3 °C and vice versa. Apparent Ps at 11 °C was greater than at 23 °C for up to 17 days after transfer. The increase was of the same order of magnitude as the decrease noted in dark respiration (Rs). Apparent Ps at 3 °C was little affected for the first 3 days after transfer, but declined to about 70% of pretreatment rate by day 10. If dark Rs at 3 °C is taken into account, actual Ps declined to about 50% of pretreatment rate by day 10. After this, the decline in Ps, with time, proceeds slowly. Recovery of Ps after transfer from the lower temperatures to 23 °C was rapid only if the length of time at the low temperature did not exceed 1 day. Return of apparent Ps to pretreatment rates was accomplished by day 7 for plants subjected to 17 days of 11 °C. Recovery of apparent Ps for plants subjected to 4 or more days of 3 °C reached 80% by day 7, and 90% by day 23. Dark Rs of plants brought from 3° to 23 °C was increased appreciably at first, this increase being of the same order of magnitude as the decrease in apparent Ps. Dark Rs then decreased with time at 23 °C, this decrease being correlated with an increase in apparent Ps. It is concluded that the initial chilling "injury," if any, occasioned by very low, but above freezing temperature, does not involve the physical or metabolic apparatus of Ps, but rather is associated with the respiratory apparatus as evidenced by increased rates of dark Rs during recovery at higher temperatures.

scholarly journals Growth of Douglas-Fir and Ponderosa Pine Seedlings with Foliar Applications of Methanol and Ethanol

1999 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 183-185
Author(s):  
Gladwin Joseph ◽  
Rick G. Kelsey
Keyword(s):  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Pine Seedlings

Abstract To test whether methanol or ethanol stimulated growth of coast Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii vat. menziesii) or ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) seedlings, we sprayed concentrations of 1 to 10% (v/v) on the foliage twice a week for 13 wk during the growing season. Foliar applications of methanol and ethanol neither significantly stimulated nor inhibited growth, and signs of damage at these concentrations were lacking. West. J. Appl. For. 14(4):183-185.

scholarly journals Effect of CuCO3 Container Wall Treatment and Mycorrhizae Fungi Inoculation of Growing Medium on Pine Seedling Growth and Root Development

1984 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-8
Author(s):  
S.E. McDonald ◽  
R.W. Tinus ◽  
C.P.P. Reid ◽  
S.C. Grossnickle
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Mycorrhizal Infection ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Container Wall ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Growing Medium

Coating the inside surfaces of containers with cupric carbonate (CuCO3) stopped lateral root growth of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) at the container wall. Subsequent higher order laterals proliferated and were similarly arrested. The CuCO3 treatment was compatible with inoculation of the growing medium with the mycorrhizae fungi Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker and Couch and Suillus granulatus (L. ex. Fr.) O. Kuntze. Combined inhibitor—inoculum treatments resulted in pine seedlings that were bigger, had more lateral roots, and greater mycorrhizal infection rates than untreated seedlings.

scholarly journals Three-Year Response of Ponderosa Pine Seedlings to Controlled-Release Fertilizer Applied at Planting

2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 154-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaofei Fan ◽  
James A. Moore ◽  
Bahman Shafii ◽  
Harold L. Osborne
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Relative Magnitude ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Height Increase

Abstract Four controlled-release fertilizers (fast release [FR], moderate release [MR], slow release [SR] and slow release with micronutrients extended [ME]) were applied, at rates of 0, 5, 15 and 30 g/seedling, to ponderosa pine seedlings (Pinus ponderosa Doug. ex Laws) immediately after planting. Compared to the controls, the 5 and15 g/seedling of FR or ME fertilizer produced significantly greater caliper growth and the 5 and 15 g/seedling of ME fertilizer and 15 and 30 g of FR fertilizer produced significantly greater height growth after 3 yr. Mortality occurred mainly during the first growing season and varied substantially with fertilizer types and dosage. High dosage (30 g/seedling) generally caused more mortality than other dosage levels. Seventy-eight, 54, 51, and 36% of total nutrients had been released from the FR, MR, SR and ME products, respectively, by late August of the first growing season. Early in the second growing season, the FR product had released 98% of its total nutrients, and the MR, SR, and ME products had released over 90% of their nutrients. The best fertilizer treatment, 15 g of the ME product, produced a 21% diameter increase and a 30% height increase 3 yr after treatment. The relative magnitude of the growth responses is similar to those observed from other adjacent placement, controlled-release, seedling fertilization studies in the Northwest. West. J. Appl. For. 17(3):154–164.

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