Respiratory pathophysiology in obesity

In the modern world, obesity is the most important medical and social problem that requires an interdisciplinary approach. Many diseases of the respiratory system are caused by obesity.Aim. The review analyzes scientific sources on respiratory disorders in patients with obesity from the open-access electronic libraries PubMed and eLibrary published in the last 15 years.Methods. A comparative systematical assessment of the results of these studies was carried out. The mechanical effects of excess body weight on the respiratory apparatus have been singled out. The current views about cellular and humoral effects of adipose tissue on the development of respiratory pathology have been given.Conclusion. The analysis results present evidence of the multifactorial negative influence of excessive body weight on the respiratory system. Some aspects of the role of obesity in the development of respiratory disorders require further study. Understanding the pathogenic mechanisms behind the influence of obesity on the respiratory apparatus is essential for developing the patient management strategy.

Oxygen deficiency in hypertension

The book is intended for a wide range of practitioners. The description of specific data on oxygen deficiency at various stages of hypertensive disease is preceded by a presentation of general information about the physiology of respiration, its impairments and methods for studying the functional state of the respiratory apparatus

To the theory of bronchial asthma

In bronchial asthma, most authors now see, as is known, a kind of neurosis of the respiratory apparatus, and they accept that asthma attacks are the result of specific irritation of the respiratory center (Briigelmann, Hoffman)

BLOOD BUFFER SYSTEMS (LECTURE)

This lecture is devoted to theoretical foundations of blood buffer systems functioning. Biochemical aspects and physiological activity of phosphate, hydrogen carbonate buffer and its combined activity with hemoglobin buffer, which ensures stability of blood pH, are presented. Chemical reactions to achieve the required blood pH are investigated. The combination of buffer properties, one of the components of which is CO2gas and autonomous self-regulation by intracellular hemoglobin ensures the blood plasma pH constancy. Stabilizing systems are considered -the respiratory apparatus and kidneys, which create the possibility of maintaining the stability of extracellular fluid pH. Respiratory acidosis, alkalosis, metabolic acidosis are considered on the biochemical level. This article presents information about hemoglobin structure: heme structure and globin subunits in different typesof hemoglobin. The following mechanismswhich provide maximumoxygen saturation of lungs and maximum oxygen emission in the tissues: heme-hemic interaction, Bohr effect and influence of 2,3-diphospho-glycerate connected with haemoglobin, are considered. The proteinbuffer system has been characterized in the in general. The capacity of the phosphate buffer system has been shown to be close to 1-2% of the whole buffer capacity of the blood and up to 50% of the buffer capacity of urine. The organic phosphates also exhibit buffering activity in the cell. Human and animal organisms can have intracellular pH from 4.5 to 8.5 depending on the type of cells, but the blood pH should be 7.4. This parameter is ensured by the hydrogen carbonate buffer system. Moreover,the blood pH depends not on the absolute concentrations of buffer components but on their ratio. The most powerful is hemoglobin buffer system that accounts for 75% of the whole blood buffer system. For stabilization of buffer capacity, the body uses two other stabilizing systems -the respiratory apparatus and kidneys. At the same time, the compensatory role of the respiratory system has shortcomings. Hyperventilation of lungs causes respiratory alkalosis. Hypoventilation has a counteracting effect by lowering the pH of the blood. Thus, the blood buffer system is ensured by a complex system that allows the organisms to adapt to changes in the fluid medium and regulate the pH under pathological conditions.Key words:homeostasis, hemoglobin, blood, acid-liquid equilibrium. У лекції розглядаються теоретичні основи механізмів дії буферних систем крові. Наводяться біохімічні аспекти та фізіологічна дія фосфатного, гідрогенкарбонатного буфера та його спільна дія з гемоглобіновим буфером, що забезпечує стабільність рН крові. Розглядаються хімічні реакції досягнення необхідного рівня рН крові. Поєднання властивостей буфера, одним з компонентів якого є газ СО2, та автономним саморегулюванням за рахунок внутрішньоклітинного гемоглобіну, забезпечує постійність рН плазми крові. Розглядаються стабілізуючі системи –дихальний апарат та нирки, які створюють можливості підтримання постійності рН позаклітинної рідини. На біохімічному рівні розглядаються дихальні ацидоз, алкалоз, метаболічний ацидоз. У статті представлені відомості про будову гемоглобіну: будову гему та субодиниць глобіну у різних видах гемоглобінів. Розглядаються механізми, що забезпечують максимальне насичення киснем легенів та максимальну віддачу кисню в тканинах: гем-гемова взаємодія, ефект Бора та вплив 2,3-дифосфо-гліцерату, зв’язаного з гемоглобіном. В загальних рисах охарактеризована білкова буферна система. Показано, що ємність фосфатної буферної системи становить близько 1-2% від всієї буферної ємності крові та до 50% буферної ємності сечі. При цьому органічні фосфати також виявляють буферну дію в клітині. В організмі людини і тварин значення внутрішньоклітинного рН може бути від 4,5 до 8,5 взалежності від типу клітин, проте рН крові має становити 7,4. Цей показник забезпечується гідрогенкарбонатною буферною системою. Причому, рН крові залежить не від абсолютних концентрацій компонентів буфера, а від їхнього співвідношення. Найбільш потужною є гемоглобінова буферна система, яка становить 75% від всієї буферної системи крові. Для стабілізації буферної ємності організм використовує ще дві стабілізуючі системи –дихальний апарат та нирки. Разом з тим, компенсаторна роль дихальної системи має недоліки. Гіпервентиляція легень спричиняє дихальний алкалоз. Гіповентиляція виявляє протилежну дію, знижуючи рН крові. Таким чином, буферна система крові забезпечується складною системою, що дозволяє організмові адаптуватися до змін оточуючого середовища та регулювати рН за патологічних умов.Ключові слова:гомеостаз, гемоглобін, кров, кислотно-лужна рівновага.

WORK WITH ARTISTIC TEXTS WHEN LEARNING FOREIGN STUDENTS IN THE RCL SYSTEM

The article provides a methodological description of a lesson on the discipline "Russian as a foreign language" based on the fables of I.A. Krylov. The structure of the lesson includes such sections as phonetic and intonational speech design, pre-text, pre-text, po-text (work with text), post-text, text production and independent work. Each of the stages of the work contributes to the preparation of students for the perception and understanding of poetic texts in Russian. The phonetic and intonational design of speech both adjusts the articulatory and respiratory apparatus of students, and creates a certain mood for working with texts of fables that have a special rhythm, requiring a special approach and preparation. The pre-text work introduces the biography of the fabulist. Near-textual - provides an expansion of active and passive vocabulary, thanks to the study and assimilation of new vocabulary. Rabat with texts involves listening, reading, discussing fables, and then reciting them. Post-textual - involves the analysis of both lexical and grammatical material and poetic texts from the point of view of artistic and visual means used by the author. The production of the text puts students in the conditions when they need to make an attempt to independently analyze and express their own opinion about the literary text they have read. Independent work consists in preparing an expressive reading of given fables and targeting similar works for home reading.

Succinate is Broadly Tissue-Permeant and Uncouples Mitochondrial Respiration from ATP Synthesis

When tissues have limited access to O2 the mitochondrial respiratory apparatus can reduce fumarate to succinate as a surrogate for reducing O2 to H2O. The succinate can be released from the tissue into the systemic circulation, but its metabolic fate in the body is mostly unknown. Using a combination of ex vivo and in vivo strategies we investigated the fate of circulating succinate in mice. We find that succinate from the blood is imported and oxidized by most tissues. Remarkably, succinate from the circulation can stimulate metabolic activity in most tissues, regardless of their energy demands, by uncoupling mitochondrial respiration from ATP synthesis. A notable exception is the retina, where carbons from succinate are incorporated into gluconeogenic intermediates.

Mastery of Basic Rhinology: An Important Tool for the Modern Rhinoplasty Specialist

Rhinology is the branch of medicine that deals with nasal function, as part of the respiratory apparatus. It is a fundamental component of otolaryngology curricula and thus generously found in that specialty’s literature. Ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialists who have made aesthetic rhinoplasty a cornerstone of their practice, have understood the importance of rhinology for years. We propose that deeper knowledge and understanding of rhinology would be an incredibly useful for the cosmetic rhinoplasty surgeon, especially the one that has no formal training in otolaryngology. This is of critical significance because sometimes, cosmetic rhinoplasties may have negative repercussions on nasal function, a problem that must be dealt with either preemptively at the time of surgery or at a revision procedure. Moreover, many of today’s rhinoplasty patients are seeking comprehensive surgical care by a specialist who can manage both aesthetic and functional concerns in a single operation.

Demystifying Role of Phonetics in Complete Denture

Speech, as formulated, perceived and decoded, is unique to humans. Speech is a learned process which makes use of the anatomical structures designed primarily for deglutition and respiration. The production of sounds requires selective modification and control of an outgoing air stream, which originates from the respiratory apparatus. Speech is a very sophisticated autonomous and unconscious activity. Speech in matured man in a learned habitual neuromuscular pattern which makes use of anatomical structures designed primarily for respiration and deglutition. Because oro-dental morphological features also may influence an individual speech, the dentist should therefore recognize the possible role of prosthetic treatment on speech activity. The loss of teeth and supporting structures alters the main articulatory cavity and produces a marked effect on the speech pattern proportionate to the location and magnitude of alterations. An empiric approach to the phonetic factor in denture construction frequently places the burden for compensating for speech changes for the adaptability of the tongue. Additionally, significant is the fact that the speech mechanism is highly susceptible to degenerative diseases. If dentures are to contribute effectively to the functions of speech, dentists should utilize studies in the speech science field to augment their clinical knowledge of the phonetic factor in denture construction.

Probability-theoretic Approach to Modeling a Respirator on Chemically Bound Oxygen

At present, the main prospects for improving the insulating means of respiratory protection are related to the chemical method of oxygen reservation. The arguments in favor of this choice are the high density of oxygen packaging and its self-regulating supply, depending on the physical activity of the person. Usually, the working process in devices on chemically bound oxygen is modeled using mathematical physics methods that solve the so-called sorption dynamics problem. As a result, under given boundary and initial conditions, the concentration of CO2 molecules in the regenerative cartridge turns out to be a deterministic function of time and coordinates. However, the coordinate of the elementary act of sorption is essentially a random variable. The law of its distribution evolves as the absorbing resource of the regenerative cartridge is consumed. Taking into account the above, a probability-theoretic approach to modeling the working process of an insulating breathing apparatus based on chemically bound oxygen was developed. The approach is based on the description by probability theory methods of the random coordinate of the elementary act of chemosorption of a CO2 molecule by potassium peroxide granules and the random lifetime of this molecule in the regenerative cartridge of the respiratory apparatus. The evolution of the initial and central statistical moments of these values is established. The symmetry of their probability density with respect to the permutation of dimensionless arguments is shown, which are the time and distance from the entrance to the regenerative cartridge to the considered layer of chemisorbent. The presence of symmetry increases the speed of numerical experiments by one or two orders of magnitude. Gaussian asymptotics of the process at long times and corrections to it by inverse degrees of dispersion due to asymmetries and excesses of different orders are revealed. This further increases the speed of numerical experiments in computer simulation of the working process of an insulating respirator on chemically bound oxygen.