Impact of Ex-Closure in above and below Ground Carbon Stock Biomass

Globally, there is a serious issue in carbon stock due to high deforestation and the loss of land, limited carbon storage pools in aboveground and underground forests in different regions, and increased carbon emissions to the atmosphere. This review paper highlights the impact of exclosures on above and below ground carbon stocks in biomass as a solution to globally curb carbon emissions. The data has been analyzed dependent on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Forest Resource Assessment report (FRA, 2020), and scientific journal publications mostly from the last decade, to show the research results of carbon stock and the impact of exclosures, particularly the challenges of deforestation and erosion of land and opportunities of area exclosures to provide a general outlook for policymakers. Overall, the world’s forest regions are declining, and although the forest loss rate has slowed, it has still not stopped sufficiently because the knowledge and practice of exclosures are limited. The global forest loss and carbon stock have decreased from 7.8 million ha/yr to 4.7 million ha/yr and from 668 gigatons to 662 gigatons respectively due to multiple factors that differ across the regions. However, a move toward natural rehabilitation and exclosures to reduce the emissions of Greenhouse Gas (GHGs) is needed. In the global production of carbon, the exclosure of forests plays an important role, in particular for permanent sinks of carbon.

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The global forest above-ground biomass pool for 2010 estimated from high-resolution satellite observations

Earth System Science Data ◽

10.5194/essd-13-3927-2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 3927-3950

Author(s):

Maurizio Santoro ◽

Oliver Cartus ◽

Nuno Carvalhais ◽

Danaë M. A. Rozendaal ◽

Valerio Avitabile ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Patterns ◽

Carbon Stock ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Satellite Observations ◽

Economic Modelling ◽

Food And Agriculture ◽

Food And Agriculture Organization ◽

Dry Tropical Forests ◽

High Level ◽

The Impact

Abstract. The terrestrial forest carbon pool is poorly quantified, in particular in regions with low forest inventory capacity. By combining multiple satellite observations of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) backscatter around the year 2010, we generated a global, spatially explicit dataset of above-ground live biomass (AGB; dry mass) stored in forests with a spatial resolution of 1 ha. Using an extensive database of 110 897 AGB measurements from field inventory plots, we show that the spatial patterns and magnitude of AGB are well captured in our map with the exception of regional uncertainties in high-carbon-stock forests with AGB >250 Mg ha−1, where the retrieval was effectively based on a single radar observation. With a total global AGB of 522 Pg, our estimate of the terrestrial biomass pool in forests is lower than most estimates published in the literature (426–571 Pg). Nonetheless, our dataset increases knowledge on the spatial distribution of AGB compared to the Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and highlights the impact of a country's national inventory capacity on the accuracy of the biomass statistics reported to the FRA. We also reassessed previous remote sensing AGB maps and identified major biases compared to inventory data, up to 120 % of the inventory value in dry tropical forests, in the subtropics and temperate zone. Because of the high level of detail and the overall reliability of the AGB spatial patterns, our global dataset of AGB is likely to have significant impacts on climate, carbon, and socio-economic modelling schemes and provides a crucial baseline in future carbon stock change estimates. The dataset is available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.894711 (Santoro, 2018).

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What Happened to the Forests of Sierra Leone?

Land ◽

10.3390/land8050080 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 80 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Richard A. Wadsworth ◽

Aiah R. Lebbie

Keyword(s):

West Africa ◽

Sierra Leone ◽

Forest Inventory ◽

Resource Assessment ◽

National Forest Inventory ◽

Population Doubling ◽

Forest Loss ◽

Food And Agriculture ◽

Food And Agriculture Organization ◽

Definition Of

The last National Forest Inventory of Sierra Leone took place more than four decades ago in 1975. There appears to be no legal definition of “forest” in Sierra Leone and it is sometimes unclear whether reports are referring to the forest as a “land use” or a “land cover”. Estimates of forest loss in the Global Forest Resource Assessment Country Reports are based on the estimated rate during the period 1975 to 1986, and this has not been adjusted for the effects of the civil war, economic booms and busts, and the human population doubling (from about three million in 1975 to over seven million in 2018). Country estimates as part of the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) Global Forest Assessment for 2015 aggregate several classes that are not usually considered as “forest” in normal discourse in Sierra Leone (for example, mangrove swamps, rubber plantations and Raphia palm swamps). This paper makes use of maps from 1950, 1975, and 2000/2 to discuss the fate of forests in Sierra Leone. The widely accepted narrative on forest loss in Sierra Leone and generally in West Africa is that it is rapid, drastic and recent. We suggest that the validity of this narrative depends on how you define “forest”. This paper provides a detailed description of what has happened, and at the same time, offers a different view on the relationship between forests and people than the ideas put forward by James Fairhead and Melissa LeachIf we are going to progress the debate about forests in West Africa, up-to-date information and the involvement of all stakeholders are needed to contribute to the debate on what to measure. Otherwise, the decades-old assumption that the area of forest in Sierra Leone lies between less than 5% and more than 75%, provides an error margin that is not useful. This, therefore, necessitates a new forest inventory.

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The global forest above-ground biomass pool for 2010 estimated from high-resolution satellite observations

10.5194/essd-2020-148 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Maurizio Santoro ◽

Oliver Cartus ◽

Nuno Carvalhais ◽

Danaë Rozendaal ◽

Valerio Avitabilie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Patterns ◽

Carbon Stock ◽

Forest Biomass ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Satellite Observations ◽

Economic Modelling ◽

Food And Agriculture ◽

Food And Agriculture Organization ◽

High Level ◽

The Impact

Abstract. The terrestrial forest carbon pool is poorly quantified, in particular in regions with low forest inventory capacity. By combining multiple satellite observations of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) backscatter around the year 2010, we generated a global, spatially explicit dataset of above-ground forest biomass (dry mass, AGB) with a spatial resolution of 1 ha. Using an extensive database of 110,897 AGB measurements from field inventory plots, we show that the spatial patterns and magnitude of AGB are well captured in our map with the exception of regional uncertainties in high carbon stock forests with AGB > 250 Mg ha−1 where the retrieval was effectively based on a single radar observation. With a total global AGB of 522 Pg, our estimate of the terrestrial biomass pool in forests is lower than most estimates published in literature (426–571 Pg). Nonetheless, our dataset increases knowledge on the spatial distribution of AGB compared to the global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and highlights the impact of a country’s national inventory capacity on the accuracy of the biomass statistics reported to the FRA. We also reassessed previous remote sensing AGB maps, and identify major biases compared to inventory data, up to 120 % of the inventory value in dry tropical forests, in the sub-tropics and temperate zone. Because of the high level of detail and the overall reliability of the AGB spatial patterns, our global dataset of AGB is likely to have significant impacts on climate, carbon and socio-economic modelling schemes, and provides a crucial baseline in future carbon stock changes estimates. The dataset is available at: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.894711 (Santoro, 2018).

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Profiles of Food Insecurity: Similarities and Differences across Selected CEE Countries

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14165070 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (16) ◽

pp. 5070

Author(s):

Hanna Dudek ◽

Joanna Myszkowska-Ryciak ◽

Agnieszka Wojewódzka-Wiewiórska

Keyword(s):

Food Insecurity ◽

Sociodemographic Factors ◽

Household Composition ◽

Eastern European ◽

Food And Agriculture ◽

Food And Agriculture Organization ◽

Development Goals ◽

Logistic Regressions ◽

Different Characteristics ◽

The Impact

Food security (FS) is influenced by primarily financial but also sociodemographic factors. Identification of correlates of food insecurity (FI) is a crucial issue in the context of achieving sustainable development goals. The aims of the study were: (1) to recognize FI in the selected Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries, (2) to examine common socioeconomic and demographic characteristics for FI. The analysis used the set of eight-item FI indicators adopted by the Food and Agriculture Organization, applying the Gallup World Poll survey data from 2017 to 2019. Multinomial logistic regressions were used to examine FI at mild and moderate or severe levels compared with FS. Differences in the profiles of FI were observed in analyzed countries: Poland, Lithuania and Slovakia. Lithuanians experienced the lowest FS, and Slovaks the highest. The FI status was associated with education, gender, age, household composition and income. It was found that the impact of these factors was not the same in the examined countries. Differences in profiles of FI in CEE countries indicate the need to analyze the problem individually for each country. Identifying groups particularly vulnerable to FI may allow appropriate targeting of instruments counteracting FI and adapt them to people with different characteristics.

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Nutritional analysis and evaluation of the consumer acceptance of pork pâté enriched with cricket powder - preliminary study

Open Agriculture ◽

10.1515/opag-2019-0015 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 159-163 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Krzysztof Smarzyński ◽

Paulina Sarbak ◽

Szymon Musiał ◽

Paweł Jeżowski ◽

Michał Piątek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Consumer Acceptance ◽

Food Ingredients ◽

Food And Agriculture ◽

Food And Agriculture Organization ◽

High Quality Protein ◽

Nutritional Analysis ◽

Insects As Food ◽

The One ◽

Consumer Assessment ◽

The Impact

AbstractThe growing interest in insects as food ingredients on the one hand is controversial, on the other is in line with the recommendations of international organizations, such as the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Crickets, as well as cricket powder (CP), are a source of high quality protein, fat, vitamins and minerals. This paper analyzes the impact of CP additive (2%, 6% and 10%) on the nutritional value and consumer acceptance of enriched pâtés. It was shown that the CP additive significantly increases the content of protein, fat and minerals. It also changes the color of the product, which is darker (lower L* value), and the color balance is shifted towards the blue. Consumer assessment showed that the 2% CP additive allows to obtain a product of high attractiveness for consumers.

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The provision of fishery information by ICES–WGFTFB to assessment working groups: use of information and lessons learned

ICES Journal of Marine Science ◽

10.1093/icesjms/fsr099 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 68 (8) ◽

pp. 1809-1814

Author(s):

Dominic Rihan ◽

Norman Graham ◽

Dave G. Reid ◽

Colm Lordan

Keyword(s):

Marine Ecosystem ◽

Lessons Learned ◽

Ecosystem Impacts ◽

Food And Agriculture ◽

Food And Agriculture Organization ◽

Regulatory Frameworks ◽

Working Groups ◽

Impact Of Technology ◽

Fleet Dynamics ◽

The Impact

Abstract Rihan, D., Graham, N., Reid, D. G., and Lordan, C. 2011. The provision of fishery information by ICES–WGFTFB to assessment working groups: use of information and lessons learned. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1809–1814. ICES is now asked to provide advice that is more holistic in nature, including information on the influence and effects of human activities on the marine ecosystem. From a fishing-technology perspective, this includes information on how fishers respond and adapt to changes in regulatory frameworks, the impact of technology creep, ecosystem impacts, and changes in fleet dynamics. Recognizing the importance of this, in 2005, the ICES–Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Working Group on Fish Technology and Fish Behaviour (WGFTFB) began to collect data and information to support scientific advice on fisheries and ecosystem issues through a questionnaire circulated to its members. The information from the questionnaires was collated by the WGFTFB and submitted in the form of summary documents to various ICES assessment working groups. This paper describes the background to this initiative, the questionnaire structure, the type of information provided, and its utility.

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FOOD SECURITY AND AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN UZBEKISTAN

Kokand University Herald ◽

10.54613/001012 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

I.I Khamidov

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Food Security ◽

Food Supply ◽

Economic Recession ◽

World Health ◽

Food And Agriculture ◽

Food And Agriculture Organization ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization ◽

The Impact

Since January 2020, the world faced one of the largest outbreaks of human history that coronavirus (Covid-19) began spreading among countries across the globe. Plenty of research institutes developed insights and estimations regarding the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on agriculture and food security system. The UN estimations indicate that more than 132 million people around the world may have hunger due to the economic recession as a result of the pandemic. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) is pushing forward the strategies in order for increasing food supply in developing countries and providing assistance to food producers and suppliers. World Health Organization (WHO) indicated that the pandemic may not finish by the end of 2020 and countries should be prepared for longer effects within 2021. In this regard, ensuring food security as well as sufficient food supply would be one of the crucial aspects of policy functions in developing countries.

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Floods Risk Mapping and Assessing Vulnerability of Morang, Nepal

10.21203/rs.3.rs-150717/v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Pawan Thapa ◽

Narayan Thapa

Keyword(s):

Drainage Density ◽

Google Earth ◽

Food And Agriculture ◽

Food And Agriculture Organization ◽

Digital Elevation ◽

Two Factors ◽

Flooding Risk ◽

Elevation Model ◽

The One ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background: The impact of flooding rises due to unplanned settlements, especially in developing and underdeveloped countries. This study tries to address these issues by mapping flood risk places and assessing their impact on population and household.Methods: This study used the dataset available in Google Earth Engine (GEE), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Central Bureau Statistics (CBS), Earth Data for preparing slope, drainage density, digital elevation model, rainfall, land use map, and soil map. These maps create using GEE and QGIS through overlay analysis that has two factors. The one is influence and other slopes, and it has provided high and low value according to its role on flooding.Results: The risk assessment shows around twenty-four percent population is at higher risk, whereas more than three thousand settlements are prone to flooding. It depicts a significant increasing trend of floods in the Morang district.Conclusion: This settlement risk map can help determine the flood safe and very high-risk areas in the Morang district. It will support residential places' planning by the local government, urban planners, and community people to reduce flooding risk.

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Floods Risk Mapping and Assessing Vulnerability of Morang, Nepal

10.21203/rs.3.rs-150717/v3 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Pawan Thapa ◽

Narayan Thapa

Keyword(s):

Drainage Density ◽

Google Earth ◽

Food And Agriculture ◽

Food And Agriculture Organization ◽

Digital Elevation ◽

Two Factors ◽

Flooding Risk ◽

Elevation Model ◽

The One ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background: The impact of flooding rises due to unplanned settlements, especially in developing countries. This study tries to address these issues by mapping flood risk places and assessing their impact on population and household.Methods: This study used the dataset available in Google Earth Engine (GEE), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Central Bureau Statistics (CBS), Earth Data for preparing slope, drainage density, digital elevation model, rainfall, land use map, and soil map. These maps create using GEE and QGIS through overlay analysis that has two factors. The one is influence and other slopes, and it has provided high and low value according to its role on flooding.Results: The risk assessment shows around twenty-four percent population is at higher risk, whereas more than three thousand settlements are prone to flooding. It depicts a significant increasing trend of floods in the Morang district.Conclusion: This settlement risk map can help determine the flood safe and very high-risk areas in the Morang district. It will support residential places' planning by the local government, urban planners, and community people to reduce flooding risk.

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MODELLING THE IMPACT OF EROSION ON SOIL PRODUCTIVITY: A COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF APPROACHES ON DATA FROM SOUTHERN BRAZIL

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0014479798001033 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 55-71 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

A. TENBERG ◽

M. DA VEIGA ◽

S. C. F. DECHEN ◽

M. A. STOCKING

Keyword(s):

Soil Properties ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Nutrient Loss ◽

Soil Productivity ◽

Southern Brazil ◽

Food And Agriculture ◽

Food And Agriculture Organization ◽

Economic Analyses ◽

United Nations Food ◽

The Impact

Erosion changes soil properties, removes nutrients and alters crop yields. A knowledge of these impacts on soil productivity is needed for economic analyses of erosion and conservation. Based on a United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization experimental design to monitor these changes, results are reported from four research sites in southern Brazil on Ferralsols and Cambisols, enabling the construction of erosion–yield–time and nutrient loss relationships. Plot experiments ran for up to seven years of natural erosion, followed by one or two years of maize cropping. A remarkably consistent composite erosion–yield relationship in logarithmic form was found, showing a sharp yield decline with initial soil loss. Soil ‘resilience’ was identified through erosion–time relationships, ‘sensitivity’ through erosion–yield equations. As erosion progressed, losses of nutrients, especially of organic carbon and calcium, were significant. In situ changes in soil properties were far less marked. Together with measured yield reductions caused by cumulative erosion, these results enabled the modelling of changes in soil productivity over time with respect to both soil quality and impact on yields. A production ‘half-life’ of between one and 39 years according to soil type and level of erosion was also identified.

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