scholarly journals Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Stage-Specific Changes in Gene Expression during Larval Development in Monochamus alternatus Hope

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1312
Author(s):  
Jing Huang ◽  
Yajie Guo ◽  
Xiaoqian Weng ◽  
Yunzhu Sun ◽  
Rebeca Carballar-Lejarazú ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Monochamus Alternatus ◽  
Next Generation Sequencing Technology ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Monochamus Alternatus Hope ◽  
Software Information

Monochamus alternatus Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is an important trunk borer of pine trees and a major vector of pine wilt disease. Although chemicals are widely used in forest pest control, new strategies based on insect biology are offering promising approaches to manage the disease. Although there have been important research advances in this respect, there has not yet been a deep sequence analysis of M. alternatus describing the transcriptome, and no information is available about the gene function of this insect vector. We used next generation sequencing technology to provide a full transcriptome from the four larval instars of M. alternatus and successfully built an M. alternatus transcriptome database. In total, 67,456 unigenes were obtained with trinity software, information for 11,858 classified unigenes was obtained with the Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COGs) database, and 13,007 unigenes matched predicted pathways using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). In addition, genes related to lignocellulose, and putative Bt receptors and genes related to digestion are described. Additionally, the differential gene expression of these genes in different larval stages was analyzed. This study provides valuable information to underpin the development of new molecular tools for M. alternatus control strategies.

Boarding abilities of Bursaphelenchus mucronatus and B. xylophilus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) on Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Nematology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 843-849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shota Jikumaru ◽  
Katsumi Togashi
Keyword(s):  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Species Replacement ◽  
Monochamus Alternatus ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Mucronatus ◽  
Initial Load ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Bursaphelenchus mucronatus is closely related to Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the causative agent of pine wilt disease. Both nematodes are transmitted between host pine trees as the fourth-stage dispersal juveniles (JIV) by insect vectors. After the invasion of Japan by B. xylophilus, B. mucronatus, native to Japan, appears to have been replaced in the pine forests during the spread of the disease. To help understand this species replacement, the number of JIV carried by an insect vector (the initial nematode load) was compared between the two nematode species by using the beetle, Monochamus alternatus, in the laboratory. The initial load of B. mucronatus was significantly smaller than that of B. xylophilus although the number of third-stage dispersal juveniles (JIII) concentrated at the pupal chambers did not differ. Statistical analysis showed that the proportion of JIII moulting to JIV was the most important among three components explaining the difference in the initial load of B. mucronatus while the number of JIII concentrated at the pupal chamber was the most important for B. xylophilus. The phoretic affinity between the nematode and its vector is discussed in relation to its role in the species replacement.

scholarly journals Characterization of bacterial communities associated with the pinewood nematode insect vector Monochamus alternatus Hope and the host tree Pinus massoniana

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yajie Guo ◽  
Qiannan Lin ◽  
lvyi Chen ◽  
Carballar-Lejarazú Rebeca ◽  
Aishan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Insect Vectors ◽  
Pinewood Nematode ◽  
Monochamus Alternatus ◽  
Pine Wilt ◽  
Bacterial Microbiota ◽  
Habitat Niche ◽  
Monochamus Alternatus Hope

Abstract Background Monochamus alternatus Hope is one of the insect vectors of pinewood nematode ( Bursaphelenchus xylophilus ), which causes the destructive pine wilt disease. The microorganisms within the ecosystem, comprising plants, their environment, and insect vectors, form complex networks. This study presents a systematic analysis of the bacterial microbiota in the M. alternatus midgut and its habitat niche. Methods Total DNA was extracted from 20 types of samples (with three replicates each) from M. alternatus and various tissues of healthy and infected P. massoniana (pines). 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing was conducted to determine the composition and diversity of the bacterial microbiota in each sample. Moreover, the relative abundances of bacteria in the midgut of M. alternatus larvae were verified by counting the colony-forming units. Results Pinewood nematode infection increased the microbial diversity in pines. Bradyrhizobium , Burkholderia , Dyella , Mycobacterium , and Mucilaginibacter were the dominant bacterial genera in the soil and infected pines. These results indicate that the bacterial community in infected pines may be associated with the soil microbiota. Interestingly, the abundance of the genus Gryllotalpicola was highest in the bark of infected pines. The genus Cellulomonas was not found in the midgut of M. alternatus , but it peaked in the phloem of infected pines, followed by the phloem of heathy pines. Moreover, the genus Serratia was not only present in the habitat niche, but it was also enriched in the M. alternatus midgut. The colony-forming unit assays showed that the relative abundance of Serratia sp. peaked in the midgut of instar II larvae (81%). Conclusions Overall, the results indicate that the bacterial microbiota in the soil and in infected pines are correlated. The Gryllotalpicola sp. and Cellulomonas sp. are potential microbial markers of pine wilt disease. Additionally, Serratia sp. could be an ideal agent for expressing insecticidal protein in the insect midgut by genetic engineering, which represents a new use of microbes to control M. alternatus .

scholarly journals Mitogenome Analysis of Four Lamiinae Species (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and Gene Expression Responses by Monochamus alternatus When Infected with the Parasitic Nematode, Bursaphelenchus mucronatus

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 453
Author(s):  
Zi-Yi Zhang ◽  
Jia-Yin Guan ◽  
Yu-Rou Cao ◽  
Xin-Yi Dai ◽  
Kenneth B. Storey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein ◽  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Monochamus Alternatus ◽  
Genome Database ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Nd5 Gene

We determined the mitochondrial gene sequence of Monochamus alternatus and three other mitogenomes of Lamiinae (Insect: Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) belonging to three genera (Aulaconotus, Apriona and Paraglenea) to enrich the mitochondrial genome database of Lamiinae and further explore the phylogenetic relationships within the subfamily. Phylogenetic trees of the Lamiinae were built using the Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods and the monophyly of Monochamus, Anoplophora, and Batocera genera was supported. Anoplophora chinensis, An. glabripennis and Aristobia reticulator were closely related, suggesting they may also be potential vectors for the transmission of the pine wood pathogenic nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) in addition to M. alternatus, a well-known vector of pine wilt disease. There is a special symbiotic relationship between M. alternatus and Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. As the native sympatric sibling species of B. xylophilus, B. mucronatus also has a specific relationship that is often overlooked. The analysis of mitochondrial gene expression aimed to explore the effect of B. mucronatus on the energy metabolism of the respiratory chain of M. alternatus adults. Using RT-qPCR, we determined and analyzed the expression of eight mitochondrial protein-coding genes (COI, COII, COIII, ND1, ND4, ND5, ATP6, and Cty b) between M. alternatus infected by B. mucronatus and M. alternatus without the nematode. Expression of all the eight mitochondrial genes were up-regulated, particularly the ND4 and ND5 gene, which were up-regulated by 4–5-fold (p < 0.01). Since longicorn beetles have immune responses to nematodes, we believe that their relationship should not be viewed as symbiotic, but classed as parasitic.

scholarly journals Bacterial Communities Associated with the Pine Wilt Disease Insect Vector Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) during the Larvae and Pupae Stages

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongjian Chen ◽  
Dejun Hao ◽  
Zhiqiang Wei ◽  
Lujie Wang ◽  
Tao Lin
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Bacterial Community Composition ◽  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Symbiotic Bacteria ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Monochamus Alternatus ◽  
Pine Wilt

Monochamus alternatus is an important insect pest in pine forests of southern China and the dispersing vector of the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which leads to pine wilt disease (PWD). Microbiome of M. alternatus may contribute to survival of larvae in the host pine trees. In order to investigate the intestinal bacterial structure of M. alternatus during the larvae and pupae stages in host trees, and infer the function of symbiotic bacteria, we used 16S rRNA gene Illumina sequencing to obtain and compare the bacterial community composition in the foregut, midgut, and hindgut of larvae, pupal intestines, larval galleries, and pupal chambers of M. alternatus. The diversity of the bacterial community in larval intestines and pupal intestines were similar, as well as was significantly greater in larval galleries and pupal chambers. Although there were differences in bacterial compositions in different samples, similar components were also found. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the two most dominant phyla in all samples, and genera Enterobacter, Raoultella, Serratia, Lactococcus, and Pseudomonas were dominant in both the intestinal samples and plant tissue samples. Enterobacter was the most abundant genus in larval intestines, and Serratia was dominant in pupal intestine. The functions of these dominant and specific bacteria were also predicted through metagenomic analyses. These bacteria may help M. alternatus degrade cellulose and pinene. The specific role of symbiotic bacteria in the infection cycle of PWD also warrants further study in the future.

Resistance of an indigenous biological system against expansion of the invasive nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, in cool areas of Japan

Nematology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 679-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shota Jikumaru ◽  
Katsumi Togashi
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Pinus Densiflora ◽  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Vector System ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Biotic Factors ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Pine Trees

Abstract Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the pathogen associated with pine wilt disease (PWD), an infectious disease of pine trees transmitted by cerambycid beetles of the genus Monochamus. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is an invasive species, whilst B. mucronatus is a native congener and non-pathogenic to pine trees in Japan. To provide experiment evidence of the biotic and/or abiotic resistance to PWD expansion in a cool area of Japan, we inoculated B. xylophilus into healthy pine trees in a Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) stand with the indigenous pine tree-B. mucronatus-insect vector system before invasion of B. xylophilus in 1993 and 1994. Extremely cool air temperature with high precipitation and extremely high air temperature with low precipitation were observed in the summers of the 2 years of inoculation, respectively. The cool summer induced a low incidence of PWD and delayed disease development, resulting in the replacement of B. xylophilus by B. mucronatus within diseased trees and the emergence of Monochamus saltuarius beetles carrying B. mucronatus from the trees 2 years after the inoculation. The hot summer induced disease development in trees in the year of inoculation, but such diseased trees did not become infection sources because of the lack of M. alternatus, whose oviposition was synchronised with the period of disease development in pine trees. This study indicated that biotic factors were important in the inhibitory mechanism in a pine forest against the spread of PWD in the stand. Relevant biotic factors were the lack of M. alternatus and the presence of M. saltuarius carrying B. mucronatus.

scholarly journals Movement of Monochamus alternatus Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Adults among Young Black Pine Trees in a Screen Cage

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong-Soo Kim ◽  
Sang-Myoeng Lee ◽  
Chul-Su Kim ◽  
Dong-Woon Lee ◽  
Chung-Gyoo Park
Keyword(s):  
Black Pine ◽  
Monochamus Alternatus ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Monochamus Alternatus Hope

scholarly journals Characterization of bacterial communities associated with the pinewood nematode insect vector Monochamus alternatus Hope and the host tree Pinus massoniana

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yajie Guo ◽  
Qiannan Lin ◽  
lvyi Chen ◽  
Carballar-Lejarazú Rebeca ◽  
Aishan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Insect Vectors ◽  
Pinewood Nematode ◽  
Monochamus Alternatus ◽  
Form Complex ◽  
Pine Wilt ◽  
Bacterial Microbiota ◽  
Habitat Niche

Abstract Background: Monochamus alternatus Hope is one of the insect vectors of pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus), which causes the destructive pine wilt disease. The microorganisms within the ecosystem, comprising plants, their environment, and insect vectors, form complex networks. This study presents a systematic analysis of the bacterial microbiota in the M. alternatus midgut and its habitat niche.Methods: Total DNA was extracted from 20 types of samples (with three replicates each) from M. alternatus and various tissues of healthy and infected P. massoniana (pines). 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing was conducted to determine the composition and diversity of the bacterial microbiota in each sample. Moreover, the relative abundances of bacteria in the midgut of M. alternatus larvae were verified by counting the colony-forming units.Results: Pinewood nematode infection increased the microbial diversity in pines. Bradyrhizobium, Burkholderia, Dyella, Mycobacterium, and Mucilaginibacter were the dominant bacterial genera in the soil and infected pines. These results indicate that the bacterial community in infected pines may be associated with the soil microbiota. Interestingly, the abundance of the genus Gryllotalpicola was highest in the bark of infected pines. The genus Cellulomonas was not found in the midgut of M. alternatus, but it peaked in the phloem of infected pines, followed by the phloem of heathy pines. Moreover, the genus Serratia was not only present in the habitat niche, but it was also enriched in the M. alternatus midgut. The colony-forming unit assays showed that the relative abundance of Serratia sp. peaked in the midgut of instar II larvae (81%).Conclusions: Overall, the results indicate that the bacterial microbiota in the soil and in infected pines are correlated. The Gryllotalpicola sp. and Cellulomonas sp. are potential microbial markers of pine wilt disease. Additionally, Serratia sp. could be an ideal agent for expressing insecticidal protein in the insect midgut by genetic engineering, which represents a new use of microbes to control M. alternatus.

Is Bursaphelenchus mucronatus a weak pathogen to the Japanese red pine?

Nematology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuyoshi Futai ◽  
Natsumi Kanzaki
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Densiflora ◽  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Transmission Efficiency ◽  
Monochamus Alternatus ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Mucronatus ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Mutualistic Relationship

AbstractThe pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is the causal agent of pine wilt disease. It can invade healthy pine trees through the feeding wound of its vector beetle, Monochamus alternatus, and can enter a dead or dying tree through the vector's oviposition mark. By contrast, B. mucronatus, which is closely related to B. xylophilus but has been considered to have no pathogenicity to pine species, also invades living host trees through the same process as B. xylophilus, although the transmission efficiency is lower than that of B. xylophilus. In order to clarify the reason why Bursaphelenchus mucronatus invades a living host, we inoculated shaded and unshaded host seedlings of Pinus densiflora with B. mucronatus. Bursaphelenchus mucronatus displayed pathogenicity in the host seedlings but only with those that were shaded. In addition, B. mucronatus was recovered from the seedlings that had survived until the end of the experiment. Bursaphelenchus mucronatus seems to survive in the living healthy host tree without causing disease symptoms. These results suggest a mutualistic relationship between B. mucronatus and its vector beetle.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document