scholarly journals The Influence of Olive Orchards Copper-Based Fungicide Use, in Soils and Sediments—The Case of Aetoliko (Etoliko) Lagoon Western Greece

Geosciences ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 267
Author(s):  
Pavlos Avramidis ◽  
Pantelis Barouchas ◽  
Thomas Dünwald ◽  
Ingmar Unkel ◽  
Dionisios Panagiotaras
Keyword(s):  
Copper Content ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Carbonate Content ◽  
Toxicity Screening ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Total Copper ◽  
Soils And Sediments ◽  
Total Digestion ◽  
Lagoon Sediments ◽  
Geochemical Analyses

In this study, soil and aquatic sediments were sampled in the Aetoliko Lagoon and its catchment area, which is exclusively dominated by olive orchards. For the first time in Greece, soil as well as sediments samples of one coherent protected aquatic ecosystem were directly compared. In order to determine the influence that the usage of copper-based fungicides have on the lagoon sediments and on the soils of the surrounding area, twenty five (25) soil samples from different olive orchards that are bordering the water body and ten (10) sediment samples from the bottom of the lagoon were taken. The samples were analyzed for total copper content (total digestion) and extractable copper (diethylenetriaminepenta acetic acid, DTPA, extraction method). Furthermore, soil/sedimentological and geochemical analyses such as pH, grain size, total organic carbon, total sulfur, total nitrogen, and calcium carbonate content were carried out. The results show that the total copper in soils ranges from 58.37 to 671.33 mg kg−1. In addition the DTPA-extractable copper in soils has an average value of 45.00 mg kg−1. The average value of total copper in soils (286.24 mg kg−1) is higher than the threshold value for the Cu concentration (100 mg kg−1) set by the EU countries. Total copper content in the lagoon sediments is lower than in soils and varies between 43.85 mg kg−1 and 71.87 mg kg−1. The DTPA-extractable copper in sediments is in low ranges from 0.14 to 0.60 mg kg−1. On average, the total copper value for the lagoon sediments (55.93 mg kg−1) exceeds the Toxicity Screening Value (25.20 mg kg−1) for Cu in freshwater sediments. From the present study, it is clear that, although the copper in soils of the surrounding lagoon area exceeds the threshold limit for ecological risk, the lagoon sediments are influenced in a smaller degree. Our study can be used as a valuable reference and baseline for future studies on the environmental monitoring of the Aetoliko lagoon, as well as for studies in similar ecosystems.

scholarly journals Zinc and copper content in soil and plant during different vegetation periods

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-84
Author(s):  
Olga Yu. Shiryaeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Copper Content ◽  
Zinc Content ◽  
Biogenic Elements ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Copper And Zinc ◽  
Flower Plant ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Calculated Average

Important biogenic elements of plants are zinc and copper, which come into them from the soil in the form of cations. Plants selectively absorb the elements they need in accordance with physiological and biochemical needs, as well as the characteristics of their vegetation. Copper and zinc are part of the enzymes that are necessary for the normal course of many biochemical reactions. Lack or excess of any chemical element causes a violation of the normal course of biochemical and physiological processes in plants. The paper presents the results of the study of zinc and copper content in the soil, as well as in the above-ground and underground organs of the studied plant object. Quantitative determination of zinc and copper was carried out on an atomic absorption spectrometer. As an object of study, a flower plant of the Gentian family (lat. Gentianáceae), genus Eustoma (lat. Eustoma), grade Aube Pink Picotee. Vegetation experiments were carried out on the basis of LLC "Greenhouse "Iceberg". According to the data, the content of zinc and copper in the organs of the studied plant decreases in a number of root – aboveground part – flower. In different periods of vegetation there is a different accumulation of copper and zinc in the aboveground and underground organs. The root of this plant performs a barrier function, blocking the flow of copper into the plant from the soil at 27 weeks of development. In this case, the zinc content in the root of the plant during this period increases significantly, but this figure in the above-ground part of the plant varies slightly. According to the calculated average value of the biological absorption coefficient, it can be seen that the accumulation of zinc in the plant occurs to a greater extent than the accumulation of copper.

scholarly journals Influence Assessment of the Information Concerning the Bearing Type of Axle Box of Cars on the Automatic Classification Accuracy of Heated Boxes

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-14
Author(s):  
V. V Burchenkov
Keyword(s):  
Density Distribution ◽  
Probability Density ◽  
Heating Temperature ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Probability Density Distribution ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
System Of Equations ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Optimal Thresholds ◽  
Different Types

Purpose. The main purpose of the work is to determine and classify the heated cars’ boxes based on the probability of appearance of roller and cassette type boxes in the classes of heated and overheated boxes, as well as the laws of probability density distribution of the recognition signs of normally heated and overheated roller and cassette type boxes. Methodology. The operation features of freight cars with cassette type axle boxes with increased operating heating have been investigated. The methodology of assessing the probability of recognition errors was proposed, which takes into account the fact that sets of normally heated and overheated boxes consist of subsets of boxes with different types of bearings. A system of equations is obtained, the roots of which represent еру values that minimize the recognition probability of the errors of the heated boxes. Findings. It was found out that with some methods of determining the bearing type, for example, by the average value of the ranges of thermal image for each car, the probability of erroneous selection may depend on the probability density distribution of the sign for bearings of different types and the threshold value of this sign. The optimal thresholds for detecting the overheated roller boxes in comparison with the optimal thresholds for detecting overheated cassette boxes were determined. It has been established that the pass of an overheated cassette bearing, provided that the type of bearing is determined correctly, is less likely to lead to an accident than if the cassette box is classified as a roller box. The rejection criteria of axle boxes according to their heating temperature difference on one of the wheel set axis for three variants of settings of the alarm system according to an arrangement of multipurpose complexes of technical means (CTM) were formulated. The practical implementation of this method of adjusting the CTM settings for the Minsk branch of the Belarusian Railways was demonstrated. Originality. A system of equations is obtained, which allows finding the optimal values of temperature thresholds for the detection of overheated roller and cassette boxes under the assumption that the error probabilities in the selection of boxes by their types are known and constant. Practical value. The developed method of adjusting the alarm settings of CTM makes it possible to significantly reduce unjustified train delays and the number of car uncouplings.

scholarly journals Identification of Disease on Leaves Soybean using Modified Otsu and Learning Vector Quantization Neural Networks

Kursor ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Candra Dewi ◽  
Muhammad Sa’idul Umam ◽  
Imam Cholissodin
Keyword(s):  
Vector Quantization ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Learning Vector Quantization ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Blue Color ◽  
Phakopsora Pachyrhizi ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Otsu Method ◽  
Soybean Leaf

Disease of the soybean crop is one of the obstacles to increase soybean production in Indonesia. Some of these diseases usually are found in the leaves and resulted to the crop become unhealthy. This study aims to identify disease on soybean leaf through leaves image by applying the Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ) algorithm. The identification begins with preprocessing using modified Otsu method to get part of the diseases on the leaves with a certain threshold value. The next process is to identify the type of disease using LVQ. This process uses the minimum value, the maximum value and the average value of the red, green and blue color of the image. The testing conducted in this study is to identify two diseases called Peronospora manshurica (Downy Mildew) and phakopsora pachyrhizi (Karat). The result of testing by using 60 training data and the value of all recommendations parameters obtained the highest accuracy of identification is 95% %, but the more stable accuracy is 90%. This result shows that the method perform quite well identification of two mentioned disease.

scholarly journals CME Properties and Fuzzy Classification

2001 ◽  
Vol 203 ◽  
pp. 422-424
Author(s):  
Y. H. Tang ◽  
Z. Z. Han
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Preliminary Report ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Fuzzy Classification ◽  
Theoretical Computation ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Single Spike ◽  
Structural Classes

In this paper, the theory and method of fuzzy classification are applied to analyse CME properties, with the use of the data in preliminary report during 1979-1981, the theoretical computation for CME category is performed. According to the original data of average properties for 9 structural classes of CME, the standardized value is obtained by average value and standard deviation. The fuzzy similitude matrix and equivalent matrix are built by use of the correlation coefficient transformation and the method of similitude coefficient, then we can divide 9 different structures into different categories according to different threshold value. Halo was the most energetic, and Single Spike, Diffuse Fan CMEs were the least energetic.

Reacted copper(II) concentrations in earlywood and latewood of micronized copper-treated Canadian softwood species

Holzforschung ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 509-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Xue ◽  
Pierre Kennepohl ◽  
John N.R. Ruddick
Keyword(s):  
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance ◽  
Fluorescence Spectroscopy ◽  
Copper Content ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Paramagnetic Resonance ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Total Copper ◽  
Electron Paramagnetic ◽  
Softwood Species

Abstract Electron paramagnetic resonance was used in conjunction with X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy to quantify total copper and reacted copper retentions in MCQ and MCA treated Canadian red pine sapwood and western hemlock heartwood. Total copper retentions were distinctly different between earlywood and latewood of both softwood species examined. Earlywood of red pine sapwood had higher total copper content than the latewood, while western hemlock heartwood had higher total copper contents in latewood than earlywood. The reacted copper concentrations were similar in earlywood and latewood, reflecting a similar capacity of each to solubilize and complex the reacted copper.

Total copper content and its distribution in acid vineyards soils developed from granitic rocks

2007 ◽  
Vol 378 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 23-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Carlos Nóvoa-Muñoz ◽  
José Manuel G. Queijeiro ◽  
Daniel Blanco-Ward ◽  
Cristalina Álvarez-Olleros ◽  
Antonio Martínez-Cortizas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Copper Content ◽  
Granitic Rocks ◽  
Total Copper

Statistical engine knock modelling and adaptive control

2008 ◽  
Vol 222 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
A A Stotsky
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Control Algorithm ◽  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Maximum Amplitude ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Statistical Hypothesis ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Control Concept ◽  
Knock Detection

A new statistical concept of the knock control of a spark ignition automotive engine is proposed. The control aim is associated with the statistical hypothesis test which compares the threshold value with the average value of the maximum amplitude of the knock sensor signal at a certain frequency. Achievement of the control aim implies the desired separation between the average value of the maximum amplitude and the target value and hence the desired probability of knock occurrence. This new control concept allows the control algorithm parameters to be connected to the probability of knock occurrence and customer-related data. The regulation error is defined as the difference between the actual and the desired values of the statistic utilized. A control algorithm which is used for minimization of the regulation error realizes a simple count-up—count-down logic. A new adaptation algorithm for the knock detection threshold is developed. The confidence interval method is used as the basis for adaptation. A knock detection threshold is presented using a confidence interval with a certain significance level. The adaptation is performed for an aged engine so that the significance level is the same for the new and the aged engines despite the fact that the detection threshold values are different. This, in turn, guarantees the same knock detection performance for new and aged engines. A simple statistical model which includes generation of the amplitude signals, threshold value determination, and a knock sound model is developed for evaluation of the control concept. The statistical knock audibility concept is associated with the outlier detection method and is used in this paper for knock audibility judgement. A Volvo six-cylinder prototype engine equipped with cylinder pressure and block vibration sensors was used in the experiments. An external microphone was used for the knock sound measurements.

Involvement of a metallothionein-like copper complex in the mechanism of copper tolerance in Mimulus guttatus

1986 ◽  
Vol 227 (1249) ◽  
pp. 493-501 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Copper Complex ◽  
Small Proportion ◽  
Copper Content ◽  
Copper Tolerance ◽  
Mimulus Guttatus ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Tolerant Plants ◽  
Total Copper ◽  
Excess Copper ◽  
Copper Tolerant

The possible involvement of a metallothionein-like copper complex in the mechanism of copper tolerance in Mimulus guttatus has been examined. In the roots of copper-tolerant plants, after exposure to copper, a constant proportion of the total copper content is bound to this complex. The complex is present in the roots of both copper-tolerant and non-tolerant plants, and is also induced in the roots of both by increased exposure to copper. Differences in the amount of the complex in the roots of copper-tolerant and non-tolerant plants suggest that it may be involved in the mechanism of copper tolerance. However, only a small proportion (6%) of the copper in the roots of the copper-tolerant clone is bound to the complex after growth in a high concentration (16 μm) of copper; this result suggests that the mechanism of tolerance does not simply involve the sequestration of all excess copper by the complex. The complex may have a transient function in the mechanism of copper tolerance.

scholarly journals Petrographic and geochemical features of Gimo marble, Gole area, Kurdistan Region, Iraq: constraints on its protolith's origin and depositional environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-295
Author(s):  
Tola Ahmed Mirza ◽  
Stavros P. Kalaitzidis ◽  
Sardar S. Fatah ◽  
Sophia Tsiotou
Keyword(s):  
Silica Content ◽  
Carbonate Content ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
Petrographic Examination ◽  
Post Archean Australian Shale ◽  
Geochemical Indices ◽  
Near Shore ◽  
Mineral Compositions ◽  
Geochemical Analyses ◽  
Ree Patterns

It is essential to identify marbles' petrographic and geochemical characteristics to determine the palaeo-environmental settings where their carbonate protoliths formed. The petrogenesis of massive Gimo marbles in the Gole area, Kurdistan Region of northeast Iraq, was investigated in this study through a combination of field mapping, petrographic, and geochemical techniques. Petrographic examination of these marbles reveals that mineral compositions are similar in all samples, with both homeoblastic and mosaic textures occurring, in addition to opaque grains that provide evidence of mineralization. Geochemical analyses show that the average calcium carbonate content of the marble is 94.96%; hence, the marble is lithologically characterized as a pure calcite marble. In most samples, the silica content was below 2 wt.%, with high values related to quartz veinlets. A range of geochemical indices and Post-Archean Australian Shale (PAAS–normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns) suggest that the limestone protolith was deposited in a shallow, near-shore marine environment on a continental margin, with very low input of detrital material. The negative Ce anomalies indicate that the protoliths of the Gimo marbles were carbonate rocks of a sedimentary origin.

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