scholarly journals Cardiac Development: A Glimpse on Its Translational Contributions

Hearts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-118
Author(s):  
Diego Franco ◽  
Carlos Garcia-Padilla ◽  
Jorge N. Dominguez ◽  
Estefania Lozano-Velasco ◽  
Amelia Aranega
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Heart ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Cardiac Development ◽  
Conduction System ◽  
Molecular Pathways ◽  
Straight Tube ◽  
Cardiac Pathology ◽  
Heart Formation ◽  
Left Right Asymmetry ◽  
The Right

Cardiac development is a complex developmental process that is initiated soon after gastrulation, as two sets of precardiac mesodermal precursors are symmetrically located and subsequently fused at the embryonic midline forming the cardiac straight tube. Thereafter, the cardiac straight tube invariably bends to the right, configuring the first sign of morphological left–right asymmetry and soon thereafter the atrial and ventricular chambers are formed, expanded and progressively septated. As a consequence of all these morphogenetic processes, the fetal heart acquired a four-chambered structure having distinct inlet and outlet connections and a specialized conduction system capable of directing the electrical impulse within the fully formed heart. Over the last decades, our understanding of the morphogenetic, cellular, and molecular pathways involved in cardiac development has exponentially grown. Multiples aspects of the initial discoveries during heart formation has served as guiding tools to understand the etiology of cardiac congenital anomalies and adult cardiac pathology, as well as to enlighten novels approaches to heal the damaged heart. In this review we provide an overview of the complex cellular and molecular pathways driving heart morphogenesis and how those discoveries have provided new roads into the genetic, clinical and therapeutic management of the diseased hearts.

scholarly journals Phosphodiesterases Expression during Murine Cardiac Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2593
Author(s):  
Thays Maria da Conceição Silva Carvalho ◽  
Silvia Cardarelli ◽  
Mauro Giorgi ◽  
Andrea Lenzi ◽  
Andrea M. Isidori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Development ◽  
Fetal Heart ◽  
Cardiac Development ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Hydrolytic Activity ◽  
Development Data ◽  
Heart Formation ◽  
Camp And Cgmp ◽  
Developing Mice

3′-5′ cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a large family of enzymes playing a fundamental role in the control of intracellular levels of cAMP and cGMP. Emerging evidence suggested an important role of phosphodiesterases in heart formation, but little is known about the expression of phosphodiesterases during cardiac development. In the present study, the pattern of expression and enzymatic activity of phosphodiesterases was investigated at different stages of heart formation. C57BL/6 mice were mated and embryos were collected from 14.5 to 18.5 days of development. Data obtained by qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis showed that seven different isoforms are expressed during heart development, and PDE1C, PDE2A, PDE4D, PDE5A and PDE8A are modulated from E14.5 to E18.5. In heart homogenates, the total cAMP and cGMP hydrolytic activity is constant at the evaluated times, and PDE4 accounts for the majority of the cAMP hydrolyzing ability and PDE2A accounts for cGMP hydrolysis. This study showed that a subset of PDEs is expressed in developing mice heart and some of them are modulated to maintain constant nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity in embryonic and fetal heart.

Area of the right atrium of the fetal heart and its significance in fetuses with tricuspid regurgitation

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Jan Pavlicek ◽  
Eva Klaskova ◽  
Dana Salounova ◽  
Hana Tomaskova ◽  
Alicja Piegzova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tricuspid Regurgitation ◽  
Right Atrium ◽  
Fetal Heart ◽  
The Right

scholarly journals Sudden Unexpected Death Associated with Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy: Study of the Cardiac Conduction System

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1323
Author(s):  
Giulia Ottaviani ◽  
Graziella Alfonsi ◽  
Simone G. Ramos ◽  
L. Maximilian Buja
Keyword(s):  
Fibromuscular Dysplasia ◽  
Ventricular Myocardium ◽  
Conduction System ◽  
Cardiac Conduction ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cardiac Conduction System ◽  
Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Unexpected Death ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Right

A retrospective study was conducted on pathologically diagnosed arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) from consecutive cases over the past 34 years (n = 1109). The anatomo-pathological analyses were performed on 23 hearts diagnosed as ACM (2.07%) from a series of 1109 suspected cases, while histopathological data of cardiac conduction system (CCS) were available for 15 out of 23 cases. The CCS was removed in two blocks, containing the following structures: Sino-atrial node (SAN), atrio-ventricular junction (AVJ) including the atrio-ventricular node (AVN), the His bundle (HB), the bifurcation (BIF), the left bundle branch (LBB) and the right bundle branch (RBB). The ACM cases consisted of 20 (86.96%) sudden unexpected cardiac death (SUCD) and 3 (13.04%) native explanted hearts; 16 (69.56%) were males and 7 (30.44%) were females, ranging in age from 5 to 65 (mean age ± SD, 36.13 ± 16.06) years. The following anomalies of the CCS, displayed as percentages of the 15 ACM SUCD cases in which the CCS has been fully analyzed, have been detected: Hypoplasia of SAN (80%) and/or AVJ (86.67%) due to fatty-fibrous involvement, AVJ dispersion and/or septation (46.67%), central fibrous body (CFB) hypoplasia (33.33%), fibromuscular dysplasia of SAN (20%) and/or AVN (26.67%) arteries, hemorrhage and infarct-like lesions of CCS (13.33%), islands of conduction tissue in CFB (13.33%), Mahaim fibers (13.33%), LBB block by fibrosis (13.33%), AVN tongue (13.33%), HB duplicity (6.67%%), CFB cartilaginous meta-hyperplasia (6.67%), and right sided HB (6.67%). Arrhythmias are the hallmark of ACM, not only from the fatty-fibrous disruption of the ventricular myocardium that accounts for reentrant ventricular tachycardia, but also from the fatty-fibrous involvement of CCS itself. Future research should focus on application of these knowledge on CCS anomalies to be added to diagnostic criteria or at least to be useful to detect the patients with higher sudden death risks.

scholarly journals Signaling through retinoic acid receptors in cardiac development: Doing the right things at the right times

2015 ◽  
Vol 1849 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Xavier-Neto ◽  
Ângela M. Sousa Costa ◽  
Ana Carolina M. Figueira ◽  
Carlo Donato Caiaffa ◽  
Fabio Neves do Amaral ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Cardiac Development ◽  
Retinoic Acid Receptors ◽  
The Right

scholarly journals Distinct expression patterns of connexins in the chambers and conduction system of the human fetal heart

2002 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 229
Author(s):  
Riyaz A. Kaba ◽  
Steven R. Coppen ◽  
Emmanuel Dupont ◽  
Jeremy N. Skepper ◽  
Suzy Elneit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Heart ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Conduction System ◽  
Human Fetal Heart

scholarly journals Vascularization fo the cardiac conduction system in humans by the right coronary artery

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia M Herrera ◽  
Adelina Rojas ◽  
Carlos F. Cichero ◽  
Adrián J. Barceló ◽  
Manuel Arteaga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Right Coronary Artery ◽  
Conduction System ◽  
Cardiac Conduction ◽  
Cardiac Conduction System ◽  
The Right

Brain asymmetry, immunity, handedness

Open Medicine ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zlatislav Stoyanov ◽  
Lyoubka Decheva ◽  
Irina Pashalieva ◽  
Piareta Nikolova
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Brain Asymmetry ◽  
Internal Environment ◽  
Living Nature ◽  
Left Right Asymmetry ◽  
The Right

AbstractThe principle of symmetry-asymmetry is widely presented in the structural and functional organization of the nonliving and living nature. One of the most complex manifestations of this principle is the left-right asymmetry of the human brain. The present review summarizes previous and contemporary literary data regarding the role of brain asymmetry in neuroimmunomodulation. Some handedness-related peculiarities are outlined additionally. Brain asymmetry is considered to be imprinted in the formation and regulation of the individual’s responses and relationships at an immunological level with the external and internal environment. The assumptions that the hemispheres modulate immune response in an asymmetric manner have been confirmed in experiments on animals. Some authors assume that the right hemisphere plays an indirect role in neuroimmunomodulation, controlling and suppressing the left hemispheric inductive signals.

Assessment of the Size and Shape of the 4-Chamber View and the Right and Left Ventricles using Fetal Speckle Tracking in Normal Fetuses at 17-24 Gestational Weeks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanitra Anuwutnavin ◽  
Kusol Russameecharoen ◽  
Pornpimol Ruangvutilert ◽  
Sommai Viboonchard ◽  
Mark Sklansky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Speckle Tracking ◽  
Fetal Heart ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Reference Ranges ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Chamber View ◽  
Normal Reference ◽  
Length Width ◽  
The Right

Introduction: The aim of the study was to establish normal reference values obtained by fetal speckle tracking analysis of the fetal heart between 17-24 weeks of gestation among Thai fetuses and compare the nomograms with previous studies. Methods: The 4-chamber view of the fetal heart in 79 normal fetuses was analyzed by speckle tracking analysis to determine the best-fit regression model. The 95% reference intervals and Z-score equations of fetal cardiac parameters were computed. Results: The end-diastolic length, width, area, and circumference of the 4-chamber view (4CV) as well as the ventricular end-diastolic length, 24-segment widths, and area were all increased as a function of gestational age (GA) and 5 fetal biometric parameters. In contrast, the global sphericity index (SI), 24-segment SI, and right ventricle/left ventricle width and area ratios did not change with GA or fetal biometric measurements. There were few differences in Z-score reference ranges of fetal cardiac measurements between the current study and previous studies conducted in different patient populations. Conclusion: Our study provided z-score and corresponding centile calculators, 5th and 95th centile reference tables, and corresponding graphs for evaluating the size and shape of the 4CV and the right and left ventricles using 6 independent variables between 17 and 24 weeks of gestation. These results provide normal reference ranges for future studies of fetuses with pathologies that may alter the size and shape of the 4-chamber view and ventricles.

Ultrasound examination of pregnant women in diagnosing fetal cardiac pathology

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-50
Author(s):  
Viktoria A. Lim
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Fetal Heart ◽  
Fetal Echocardiography ◽  
Heart Defects ◽  
Care Service ◽  
Ultrasound Screening ◽  
Atrioventricular Canal ◽  
Cardiac Pathology ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Atrioventricular Canal Defect

Hypothesis/aims of study. Fetal heart defects are the most common malformations causing infant mortality. The task of the obstetric care service is to make a timely diagnosis, which includes high-quality ultrasound screening and, if necessary, fetal echocardiography. This study aimed to compare fetal echocardiography with postpartum echocardiography. Study design, materials and methods. 101 pregnant women with both isolated fetal heart defects and combined pathology were examined for the period 20172019. Results. The greatest number of heart defects was detected at 2331 weeks of gestation. The structure of the malformations is diverse, the most common one being a complete form of the atrioventricular canal defect. In multiple pregnancies, complex heart defects were often combined with abnormalities in other organ systems. Conclusion. It is recommended to describe the heart structure in detail from 2122 weeks of pregnancy. If cardiac pathology is detected in utero, it is mandatory to conduct an examination of other fetal organs.

Development of the ventricles and valves

ESC CardioMed ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 44-49
Author(s):  
José M. Pérez-Pomares ◽  
José L. de la Pompa
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Congenital Heart ◽  
Cardiac Development ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Heart Tube ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Valve Development ◽  
Tissue Interactions ◽  
The Right

The heart is the first functional organ of the vertebrate embryo, beginning to beat at around 4 weeks of gestation in humans. Tissue interactions orchestrate the complex patterning, proliferation, and differentiation processes that transform the embryonic cardiac primordium into the adult heart. During heart embryogenesis, cardiac mesoderm progenitor cells originate bilaterally during gastrulation and move rostrally to form the primitive heart tube, which will then loop towards the right and initiate septation to give rise to the mature four-chambered heart. Experimental studies in animal models have revealed the crucial role that a number of highly conserved signalling pathways, involving active molecular cross-talk between adjacent tissues, play in cardiac development, and how the alterations in these signalling mechanisms may cause congenital heart disease affecting the neonate or adult. Here, we describe briefly the knowledge gained on the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying cardiac chamber and valve development and its implication in disease. This knowledge will ultimately facilitate the design of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to treat congenital heart disease.

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