Physical, Anatomical, and Biochemical Composition of Skins Cell Walls from Two Grapevine Cultivars (Vitis vinifera) of Champagne Region Related to Their Susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea during Ripening

This work investigated the structural, biochemical, and molecular characteristics of grape skin cell wall during ripening, related to susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea. The comparative study between the two main grape cultivars in Champagne region, Pinot noir and Chardonnay, quantified: (1) the maturity and physical profile of grape skin; (2) the morphological characteristics; (3) soluble pectic polysaccharides located in grape skin cell walls; and (4) the gene expression of the two main degrading enzymes (VvPME1 and VvPG1) and PME activity. During the maturation period, the grape skins of the two cultivars appear different in their structure and composition. Chardonnay is characterized by higher relative humidity (RH) and level of VvPG1 expression, lower disease incidence and penetrometry values, and thicker cell walls than Pinot noir skins. Thus, the cell wall composition is sufficiently different between grape varieties from the same area to allow their discrimination and could be used to better manage the harvest date.

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Development of a method for the extraction and analysis of grape skin proteins strongly bound to cell walls

OENO One ◽

10.20870/oeno-one.2013.47.2.1544 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 47 (2) ◽

pp. 129

Author(s):

Grégory Pasquier ◽

Delphine Lapaillerie ◽

Jean-William Dupuy ◽

Anne-Marie Lomenech ◽

Stéphane Claverol ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Protein Composition ◽

Bioinformatic Analysis ◽

Soluble Proteins ◽

Cell Wall Proteins ◽

Grape Skin ◽

Skin Cell ◽

Grape Skins ◽

Cellular Aggregates

Aim: To better understand the protein composition of grape skin cell walls, we have developed a method to analyse the strongly bound cell wall proteins.Methods and results: The protocol was developed with grape skins at full maturity. The critical steps of this protocol were : (i) the elimination of cellular aggregates, (ii) the elimination of soluble proteins, and (iii) the localization of the identified proteins within the cell wall. To verify whether these three conditions were met, the decrease in the quantity of cellular aggregates was followed by optical microscopy, the removal of soluble proteins was measured by chemical assay, and the presence of proteins located in cell walls was demonstrated by extensive bioinformatic analysis. The process made it possible to obtain a four-fold reduction in the amount of cellular aggregates, a reduction in the concentration of soluble proteins below the method detection limit, and a high proportion of proteins predicted to be secreted (79 %).Conclusion: The protocol described in this paper constitutes the first method to analyse proteins strongly bound to cell walls in grape skins. However, this method excludes the identification of labile proteins or proteins weakly bound to the cell wall.Significance and impact of the study: This protocol can be used for studying the role that strongly bound cell wall proteins play in development and defense processes in grape skins.

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Cell-wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins of parenchymatous tissues of runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus)

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj2690393 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 269 (2) ◽

pp. 393-402 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

P Ryden ◽

R R Selvendran

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Anion Exchange Chromatography ◽

Structural Features ◽

Good Evidence ◽

Exchange Chromatography ◽

Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽

Pectic Polysaccharides ◽

Runner Bean ◽

Cellulose Residue

1. Polymers were solubilized from the cell walls of parenchyma from mature runner-bean pods with minimum degradation by successive extractions with cyclohexane-trans-1,2-diamine-NNN′N′-tetra-acetate (CDTA), Na2CO3 and KOH to leave the alpha-cellulose residue, which contained cross-linked pectic polysaccharides and Hyp-rich glycoproteins. These were solubilized with chlorite/acetic acid and cellulase. The polymers were fractionated by anion-exchange chromatography, and fractions were subjected to methylation analysis. 2. The pectic polysaccharides differed in their ease of extraction, and a small proportion were highly cross-linked. The bulk of the pectic polysaccharides solubilized by CDTA and Na2CO3 were less branched than those solubilized by KOH. There was good evidence that most of the pectic polysaccharides were not degraded during extraction. 3. The protein-containing fractions included Hyp-rich and Hyp-poor glycoproteins associated with easily extractable pectic polysaccharides, Hyp-rich glycoproteins solubilized with 4M-KOH+borate, the bulk of which were not associated with pectic polysaccharides, and highly cross-linked Hyp-rich glycoproteins. 4. Isodityrosine was not detected, suggesting that it does not have a (major) cross-linking role in these walls. Instead, it is suggested that phenolics, presumably linked to C-5 of 3,5-linked Araf residues of Hyp-rich glycoproteins, serve to cross-link some of the polymers. 5. There were two main types of xyloglucan, with different degrees of branching. The bulk of the less branched xyloglucans were solubilized by more-concentrated alkali. The anomeric configurations of the sugars in one of the highly branched xyloglucans were determined by 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy. 6. The structural features of the cell-wall polymers and complexes are discussed in relation to the structure of the cell walls of parenchyma tissues.

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Electron microscopic observations of infection threads in driselase treated nodules of Astragalus sinicus

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m86-175 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 32 (12) ◽

pp. 947-952 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Shiro Higashi ◽

Kazuya Kushiyama ◽

Mikiko Abe

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Plant Cell Wall ◽

Root Nodules ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Enzyme Treatment ◽

Vascular Bundles ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

Astragalus Sinicus ◽

Infection Threads

The morphological characteristics of infection threads in the root nodules of Astragalus sinicus were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The infection threads, epidermal cell walls, and vascular bundles of the nodule were not altered when a nodule was treated with driselase (a plant cell wall degrading enzyme), although the cell walls of meristematic and bacteroid-including zones were completely decomposed by the enzyme treatment. Some infection threads were funnel shaped at the site of attachment of the infection thread to the host cell wall.

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Following the Compositional Changes of Fresh Grape Skin Cell Walls during the Fermentation Process in the Presence and Absence of Maceration Enzymes

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry ◽

10.1021/jf505200m ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 63 (10) ◽

pp. 2798-2810 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Anscha J. J. Zietsman ◽

John P. Moore ◽

Jonatan U. Fangel ◽

William G. T. Willats ◽

Johan Trygg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Walls ◽

Fermentation Process ◽

Grape Skin ◽

Skin Cell ◽

Compositional Changes ◽

Presence And Absence

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Correlation between Skin Cell Wall Composition and Polyphenol Extractability of Pinot Noir and Cabernet Sauvignon Grapes

American Journal of Enology and Viticulture ◽

10.5344/ajev.2021.20045 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. ajev.2021.20045

Author(s):

Cristina Medina-Plaza ◽

Nick Dokoozlian ◽

Ravi Ponangi ◽

Tom Blair ◽

David E. Block ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Cell Wall Composition ◽

Pinot Noir ◽

Cabernet Sauvignon ◽

Skin Cell

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Immunocytochemical studies of axial resin canals. I. Localization of non-cellulosic polysaccharides in epithelium of Norway spruce xylem

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-00000063 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 35 (3) ◽

pp. 236-252 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jong Sik Kim ◽

Geoffrey Daniel

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Epithelial Cell ◽

Epithelial Cells ◽

Norway Spruce ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Middle Lamella ◽

Distribution Patterns ◽

Boundary Structure ◽

Pectic Polysaccharides ◽

Resin Canals

The microdistribution of non-cellulosic polysaccharides in epithelial cells of axial resin canals was investigated in Norway spruce xylem using immunolocalization methods combined with monoclonal antibodies specific for (1→4)-β-galactan (LM5), (1→5)-α-arabinan (LM6), homogalacturonan (LM 19, LM20), xyloglucan (LM15), xylan (LM10, LM11) and mannan (LM21, LM22). The ultrastructure and lignin distribution of epithelial cell walls was also examined after cytochemical staining for lignin. Compared with tracheids, epithelial cells showed several different ultrastructural characteristics, such as the thickness of three layers forming the cell wall, the boundary structure between layers and the lamellate structure of cell walls, with slightly stronger reaction with chemical staining for lignin than tracheids. After staining with potassium permanganate, the layer of the epithelial cell wall adjacent to the canal showed typical characteristics of middle lamella (C-ML). However, C-ML regions showed completely different chemical characteristics from E-ML (middle lamella between epithelial cells) regions of epithelial cells and compound middle lamella (CML) regions of tracheids. Unlike tracheids, epitopes of pectic polysaccharides were detected in the epithelial cell wall with variations in amounts between cell wall layers. Epitopes of hemicelluloses were also detected in the epithelial cells with differences in distribution patterns from tracheids, particularly xyloglucan (LM15) and low substituted xylan (LM10) epitopes. Together, our results suggest that the ultrastructure and chemistry of epithelial cells including C-ML regions significantly differ from tracheids.

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Effects of Heat Treatment and Dehydration on Pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr) Cell Walls

International Journal of Food Engineering ◽

10.2202/1556-3758.1097 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Antoni Femenia ◽

Susana Simal ◽

Carme Garau Taberner ◽

Carmen Rosselló

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Functional Properties ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Ananas Comosus ◽

Water Retention Capacity ◽

Pectic Polysaccharides ◽

Retention Capacity ◽

Air Drying ◽

Physico Chemical

The effects of thermal processing on the physico-chemical properties of cell walls from pineapple flesh tissues have been investigated. Commercially canned pineapple exhibited a similar cell wall composition to the fresh pineapple sample, although a marked increase in cell wall solubility, from 21 to 34%, was detected. Dehydration promoted important changes in cell wall components and related functional properties, in particular when relatively high air-drying temperatures were applied. Thus, samples dried at 60ºC and, in particular at 80ºC, exhibited a larger solubilisation/degradation of pectic polysaccharides, probably due to either ?-elimination processes or enzyme-catalyzed degradation. On a fresh weight basis, about 14% and up to 39% of cell wall pectins were not recovered for the dried pineapple at 60ºC and 80ºC, respectively. Pectins from the latter samples also exhibited a notable decrease in the degree of esterification. These physico-chemical changes were probably reflected on the decrease of functional properties such as swelling (Sw), water retention capacity (WRC) and fat adsorption capacity (FAC). Nevertheless, fresh, canned and dehydrated pineapple at 40ºC exhibited higher WRC and FAC values, about 30 g water/g AIR and 15 g oil/g AIR, respectively. A gradual decrease of Sw, WRC and FAC values was observed for the functional properties of pineapple samples dried at 60 and 80ºC. Moreover, high air-drying temperatures also promoted a significant decrease in cell wall solubility. Therefore, the influence that these effects might have on the nutritional properties of cell walls or dietary fibre of thermally processed fruits such as canned and/or dehydrated pineapple needs to be considered.

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Electronic microscopy examination of the influence of purified enzymatic activities on grape skin cell wall

OENO One ◽

10.20870/oeno-one.2003.37.1.1679 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 23

Author(s):

Khalid Amrani Joutei ◽

F. Ouazzani Chahdi ◽

D. Bouya ◽

Cédric Saucier ◽

Yves Glories

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Middle Lamella ◽

Enzymatic Activities ◽

Primary Wall ◽

Electronic Microscopy ◽

Grape Skin ◽

Skin Cell ◽

Pectolytic Enzymes ◽

Cellular Wall ◽

Microscopy Examination

Pectolytic enzymes act differently on the degradation of the cell wall of grape skin and on the libération of tannins. PG and PL degrade the pectin from the middle lamella and the primary wall which favours the liberation of granulate tannins present inside the vacuole only ones. Cellulase degrade the cellulose fibbers and allows the liberation of tannins bound to the cellular wall. These last ones being bound to cellulosic molecules.

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