scholarly journals Food Cravings and Eating: The Role of Experiential Avoidance

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 1181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Fahrenkamp ◽  
Katherine Darling ◽  
Elizabeth Ruzicka ◽  
Amy Sato
Keyword(s):  
Experiential Avoidance ◽  
Emotional Eating ◽  
Eating Behaviors ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
Late Adolescents ◽  
Food Cravings ◽  
Cognitive Restraint ◽  
Problematic Eating ◽  
Problematic Eating Behaviors ◽  
Uncontrolled Eating

Food cravings have been associated with problematic eating behaviors, such as emotional eating. Late adolescence is an important developmental period to examine this association, as late adolescents have greater independence in food choices as well as potentially higher demands during a transitional period of their lives. Mechanisms underlying the association between food cravings and problematic eating remain unclear. This study examined whether experiential avoidance (EA) may be one possible mechanism mediating the association between higher levels of food cravings and problematic eating behaviors. Late adolescents (n = 174) completed measures assessing EA, food cravings, and three problematic eating behaviors: emotional eating, cognitive restraint, and uncontrolled eating. Height and weight were measured objectively to calculate body mass index (BMI). Food cravings were positively associated with emotional eating and mediated by EA. EA also significantly mediated the association between greater cognitive restraint and greater food cravings. No significant mediation was detected for food cravings and uncontrolled eating. Future research may consider EA as a treatment target in intervention strategies for late adolescents seeking to decrease emotional or restrained eating behaviors.

scholarly journals Eating Behaviours and Food Cravings; Influence of Age, Sex, BMI and FTO Genotype

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanan Abdella ◽  
Hameida El Farssi ◽  
David Broom ◽  
Dawn Hadden ◽  
Caroline Dalton
Keyword(s):  
Mediation Analysis ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Emotional Eating ◽  
Food Craving ◽  
Eating Behaviours ◽  
Food Cravings ◽  
Linked Gene ◽  
Cognitive Restraint ◽  
Fatty Food ◽  
Uncontrolled Eating

Previous studies indicate that eating behaviours and food cravings are associated with increased BMI and obesity. However, the interaction between these behaviours and other variables such as age, sex, BMI and genetics is complex. This study aimed to investigate the relationships between eating behaviours and food cravings, and to examine the influence of age, sex, body mass index (BMI) and fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) genotype on these relationships. A total of 475 participants (252 female, 223 male, BMI: 25.82 ± 6.14 kg/m2, age: 30.65 ± 14.20 years) completed the revised 18-question version of the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R18) to assess cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating and emotional eating, and the Food Cravings Inventory (FCI) to assess cravings for fatty food, sweet food, carbohydrates and fast food. DNA samples were genotyped for the rs9939609 polymorphism in the obesity-linked gene FTO. Questionnaire data was analysed for associations between the TFEQ-R18 and FCI subscales for the whole study group, and the group divided by sex, genotype and age (≤25 years versus >25 years). Finally, mediation analysis was used to explore the relationships between BMI, cognitive restraint and food cravings. FTO AA + AT genotype was associated with increased BMI, but not with differences in eating behavior scores or food craving scores; age was associated with increased BMI and decreases in food craving scores in which this effect was stronger in women compared to men. Increased cognitive restraint was associated with decreased food craving scores in the ≤25 years group. Mediation analysis demonstrated that in this group the association between BMI and reduced food cravings was mediated by cognitive restraint indicating that in this age group individuals use cognitive restraint to control their food cravings. The positive correlation between age and BMI confirms previous results but the findings of this study show that age, sex, FTO genotype and BMI have an influence on the relationships between eating behaviours and food cravings and that these variables interact.

Do sociodemographic factors and anthropometric measurements affect eating behavior patterns?

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eda Koksal ◽  
Melahat Sedanur Macit ◽  
Saniye Bilici ◽  
Efsun Karabudak
Keyword(s):  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Emotional Eating ◽  
Eating Behaviors ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Anthropometric Measurements ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cognitive Restraint ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors ◽  
Uncontrolled Eating

Purpose Obesity is a chronic disease and it is very important to determine the underlying factors at the early stage. Disturbance in eating behaviors may predict the obesity risk. Design/methodology/approach In the present study, it was aimed to investigate eating behavior of Turkish adults by using The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R18 (TFEQ-R18) and to analyze the association between anthropometric measurements and socio-demographic factors. Findings Individuals composed of 698 males, aged 28.6 ± 10.3 years and 1,736 females, aged 25.1 ± 7.8 years. Demographic characteristics participants were obtained via a questionnaire. TFEQ-R18for assessing eating behavior was used. Results claim that the usage of TFEQ-R18 was appropriate for non-obese individuals (Cronbach’s α value 0.83 for underweight group (n = 180, 7.4%), 0.76 for normal group (n = 1604, 65.9%), 0.69 for overweight group (n = 492, 20.2%), 0.69 obese group (n = 158, 6.5%). Gender seems to effect emotional eating scores (p = 0.026) and employment status seem to affect all TFEQ-R18 sub-group dimensions (cognitive eating scores, p = 0.022, uncontrolled eating scores, p < 0.001, emotional eating scores, p < 0.001). Divorced individuals tend to have higher cognitive restraint scores (16.2 ± 3.7). Although, single people have higher emotional eating scores (7.5 ± 2.6) (p = 0.006). There is a positive correlation among waist–height ratio, waist and neck circumference and cognitive restraint and uncontrolled eating scores (p < 0.001). However, body weight and height correlate negatively with cognitive restraint scores (p < 0.001). Originality/value According to the authors’ knowledge, this study gives brief results for the usage of TFEQ-R18 and the ability to predict eating behaviors in the general population.

scholarly journals The role of the environment in overweight and eating behavior variability: Insights from a multivariate twin study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz Herle ◽  
Juan J Madrid-Valero ◽  
José J Morosoli ◽  
Lucía Colodro-Conde ◽  
Juan Ordoñana
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Emotional Eating ◽  
Eating Behaviors ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Phenotypic Correlation ◽  
Healthy Weight ◽  
Cognitive Restraint ◽  
Twin Registry ◽  
Uncontrolled Eating

AbstractThe health consequences of overweight and obesity remain one of the greatest global health challenges. Twin and molecular studies have confirmed the genetic basis of individual differences in BMI; however, genetics cannot explain the rapid rise of obesity rates over the past decades. Eating behaviors have been stipulated to be the behavioral expression of genetic risk in an obesogenic environment. Multivariate twin studies can inform future applied research by providing insights into the etiology of the relationship between behaviors and BMI. In this study, we aimed to decompose variation and covariation between three key eating behaviors and BMI in a sample from a population-based twin registry of adult women in the southeast of Spain, The Murcia Twin Registry (345 complete, 9 incomplete, same-sex female twin pairs, 175 MZ, 170 DZ). Phenotypes were emotional eating, uncontrolled eating, and cognitive restraint, as measured by the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire, as well as objectively measured BMI. Variation in eating behaviors was mostly driven by non-shared environmental factors (range: 56-65%), whereas shared environmental and genetic factors were secondary. All three eating behaviors were associated with BMI at a phenotypic level (range r=0.19–0.25). Etiological correlations implied that non-shared environmental factors underly the covariations of the phenotypes (Emotional eating – Uncontrolled eating: rE= 0.54, 95%CI: 0.43, 0.64; BMI – Cognitive restraint: rE= 0.15, 95%CI: 0.01, 0.28). Results indicate that in contrast to BMI, individual differences in eating behaviors are mostly explained by non-shared environmental factors, which also account for the phenotypic correlation between eating behaviors and BMI. These results support that eating behaviors are viable intervention targets to help individuals reach and maintain a healthy weight.

Do Disordered Eating Behaviors Have an Effect on Food Addiction?

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nural Alim ◽  
Kerim Gokustun ◽  
Gozde Caliskan ◽  
Zehra Besler
Keyword(s):  
Disordered Eating ◽  
Emotional Eating ◽  
Eating Behaviors ◽  
Food Addiction ◽  
Disordered Eating Behaviors ◽  
Cognitive Restraint ◽  
Yale Food Addiction Scale ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Uncontrolled Eating ◽  
The Relationship

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the relationship between food addiction and uncontrolled eating, cognitive restraint, and emotional eating. Methods: We carried out this study with 1168 students (758 girls and 410 boys) studying at 7 different high schools in Ankara, Turkey. We used 3 measures. The first measure part assessed the participants’ demographic characteristics. We used 2 other validated measures, the Yale Food Addiction Scale and the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire, to assess disordered eating behaviors. Results: No statistically significant difference was found between girls (12.9%) and boys (12%) in terms of food addiction (p = .67). We found that uncontrolled eating (p < .001), cognitive restraint (p = .007), and emotional eating (p < .001) scores were higher in individuals with food addiction (60.50±22.37; 38.39±24.41 and 57.42±28.49 respectively) than those without food addiction (40.17±24.74; 32.36±25.4 and 31.11±29.46 respectively). Furthermore, these eating behaviors increased the risk of food addiction in adolescents [Uncontrolled eating: OR: 1.02 (1.01-1.03); Cognitive Restraint: OR: 1.01 (1.00-1.02); Emotional Eating: OR: 1.016(1.009-1.024)]. Conclusions: Disordered eating behaviors can be seen more frequently among adolescents with food addiction compared to those without. In addition, these eating behaviors can increase the risk of food addiction relatively.

scholarly journals Interactions of obesity associated behaviours, BMI, age, sex, and FTO genotype

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Hanan Abdella
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Emotional Eating ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Eating Behaviours ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Food Cravings ◽  
Cognitive Restraint ◽  
Behavioural Regulation ◽  
Uncontrolled Eating

Obesity is a complicated condition which occurs due to interactions between many contributing physiological, psychological and genetic factors. Age, sex and body mass index (BMI) are also important in the interaction with obesity-related factors leading to a rise in this epidemic. Knowledge about the interactions that happen between these factors provides a basis for the development of body mass-reducing interventions for people with obesity. Eating behaviours affect caloric intake and are implicated in the development of obesity. Three types of eating behaviours namely; 1) cognitive restraint, 2) emotional eating and 3) uncontrolled eating have been studied for associations with obesity in various populations. Food cravings refer to an irresistible urge to eat a specific type of food which has been implied to contribute to a loss of control over eating. The experience of food cravings is related to higher BMI and obesity. Motivation to exercise is also an important factor that influences people´s eating habits as shown in previous studies. A taxonomy where motivation is organised in the form of a continuum that covers the different degrees of self-determination of behaviour, from the non-self-determined, to the self-determined, established three types of motivation (amotivation, extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation) and a series of behavioural regulation stages (amotivation, external regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulation and intrinsic regulation). Problems with emotional regulation may contribute to the development and maintenance of abnormal eating behaviour. Alexithymia is defined as an inability to describe and/or recognise one's own emotions and is considered a common feature in eating disorders. Alexithymia is likely to be associated with problems in modulating affect and with difficulties in the interpersonal and social realm. The programme of research as part of this PhD was conducted on 424 volunteers from Sheffield Hallam University students and staff, and there were 183 participants of weight-loss interventions. Eating behaviours were measured using the revised Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R18); food cravings were measured by the food cravings inventory (FCI), motivation for exercise using the Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 (BREQ-2) and alexithymia was measured by The Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS 20). DNA samples were genotyped using the TaqMan method for the rs9939609 polymorphism in the obesity-associated gene FTO. Questionnaire data were analysed for associations between the TFEQ-R18 and FCI, BREQ2 and TAS20 subscales for the whole study group, and the group divided by sex, genotype, age (≤ 25 years vs > 25 years) and BMI (<30kg/m² and ≥30kg/m²). Regression and mediation analyses were used to explore the relationships between BMI, eating behaviours, food cravings, motivation to exercise and alexithymia. The key findings from each of the experimental chapters in this thesis is 1) Increased cognitive restraint was associated with decreased food craving scores in the ≤ 25 years group; in this group the association between BMI and reduced food cravings was mediated by cognitive restraint indicating that in this age group individuals use cognitive restraint to control their food cravings. 2) Motivation to exercise interacts with eating behaviours and high motivation to exercise is associated with low BMI, people with obesity were less motivated than non-obese, emotional eating is the mediator between external regulations and high BMI. 3) There is a positive relationship between BMI and alexithymia in females, but in contrast there is an inverse relationship in men. The relationship between BMI and alexithymia was stronger in the AA+ AT genotype group than TT genotype. Uncontrolled eating and emotional eating mediate the effect of alexithymia on BMI and this is different between males and females and between genotype groups; particularly in females with the risk genotype, alexithymia were associated with high uncontrolled eating and emotional eating and so higher BMI. Males and/or people with the TT genotype are less at risk of this influence of alexithymia on BMI. These findings will help in the treatment of obesity by informing personal intervention programmes for each person according to his or her situation.

scholarly journals The Role of the Environment in Overweight and Eating Behavior Variability: Insights from a Multivariate Twin Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 338-344
Author(s):  
Moritz Herle ◽  
Juan J. Madrid-Valero ◽  
José J. Morosoli ◽  
Lucía Colodro-Conde ◽  
Juan Ordoñana
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Emotional Eating ◽  
Eating Behaviors ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Phenotypic Correlation ◽  
Healthy Weight ◽  
Cognitive Restraint ◽  
Twin Registry ◽  
Uncontrolled Eating

AbstractResearch has emphasized the genetic basis of individual differences in body mass index (BMI); however, genetic factors cannot explain the rapid rise of obesity. Eating behaviors have been stipulated to be the behavioral expression of genetic risk in an obesogenic environment. In this study, we decompose variation and covariation between three key eating behaviors and BMI in a sample of 698 participants, consisting of 167 monozygotic, 150 dizygotic complete same-sex female twins and 64 incomplete pairs from a population-based twin registry in the southeast of Spain, The Murcia Twin Registry. Phenotypes were emotional eating, uncontrolled eating and cognitive restraint, measured by the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire and objectively measured BMI. Variation in eating behaviors was driven by nonshared environmental factors (range: 56%−65%), whereas shared environmental and genetic factors were secondary. All three eating behaviors were correlated with BMI (r = .19–.25). Nonshared environmental factors explained the covariations (Emotional eating–Uncontrolled eating: rE = .54, 95% CI [.43, .64]; BMI–Cognitive restraint: rE = .15, 95% CI [.01, .28]). In contrast to BMI, individual differences in eating behaviors are mostly explained by nonshared environmental factors, which also accounted for the phenotypic correlation between eating behaviors and BMI. Due to the sample size, analyses were underpowered to detect contributions of additive genetic or shared environmental factors to variation and covariation of the phenotypes. Although more research is granted, these results support that eating behaviors could be viable intervention targets to help individuals maintain a healthy weight.

scholarly journals ADIPOQ gene is linked to emotional eating behaviour in young Nigerian adults independent of psychological traits

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Awoyemi Abayomi Awofala ◽  
Olusegun Emmanuel Ogundele ◽  
Khalid Olajide Adekoya
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Eating ◽  
Genetic Variant ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Psychological Traits ◽  
Adipoq Gene ◽  
Cognitive Restraint ◽  
Beta Coefficient ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Uncontrolled Eating

Abstract Background A disturbance in eating behaviour (EB) is the hallmark of patients with eating disorders, and depicts a complex interaction of environmental, psychological and biological factors. In the present study, we propose a model of association of genetic susceptibility—represented by adiponectin (ADIPOQ) gene—with eating behavioural and psychological traits. Results Evaluation of the distribution of a polymorphism of the ADIPOQ (rs1501299 G > T) with respect to three EB factors involving cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating and emotional eating revealed that T-allele in rs1501299 was associated with a decreased susceptibility to emotional EB in codominant (e.g., GG vs. TT) (beta-coefficient [β] = 2.39, 95% Confidence interval [CI] = − 4.02, − 0.76; p value [p] = 0.02), recessive (GG + GT vs. TT) (β = − 2.77, 95% CI = − 3.65, − 0.69; p = 0.005) and additive (GG = 0, GT = 1, TT = 2) (β = − 1.02, 95% CI = − 1.80, − 0.24; p = 0.01) models of inheritance. The presence of the T-allele was not significantly associated with psychological factors involving depression, anxiety and stress. Finally, none of the psychological traits significantly predicted any of the EB factors after controlling for age, body weight and gender. Conclusions Our data suggest that genetic variant in ADIPOQ locus may influence human emotional eating behaviour.

scholarly journals Eating behaviors and weight loss outcomes in a 12-month randomized trial of diet and/or exercise intervention in postmenopausal women

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlin Mason ◽  
Jean de Dieu Tapsoba ◽  
Catherine Duggan ◽  
Ching-Yun Wang ◽  
Catherine M. Alfano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Binge Eating ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Emotional Eating ◽  
Eating Behaviors ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Restrained Eating ◽  
Dietary Weight Loss ◽  
Uncontrolled Eating

Abstract Background Certain eating behaviors are common among women with obesity. Whether these behaviors influence outcomes in weight loss programs, and whether such programs affect eating behaviors, is unclear. Methods Our aim was to examine the effect of baseline eating behaviors on intervention adherence and weight among postmenopausal women with overweight or obesity, and to assess intervention effects on eating behaviors. Four hundred and 39 women (BMI ≥25 kg/m2) were randomized to 12 months of: i) dietary weight loss with a 10% weight loss goal (‘diet’; n = 118); ii) moderate-to-vigorous intensity aerobic exercise for 225 mins/week (‘exercise’; n = 117); iii) combined dietary weight loss and exercise (‘diet + exercise’; n = 117); or iv) no-lifestyle change control (n = 87). At baseline and 12 months, restrained eating, uncontrolled eating, emotional eating and binge eating were measured by questionnaire; weight and body composition were assessed. The mean change in eating behavior scores and weight between baseline and 12 months in the diet, exercise, and diet + exercise arms were each compared to controls using the generalized estimating equation (GEE) modification of linear regression adjusted for age, baseline BMI, and race/ethnicity. Results Baseline restrained eating was positively associated with change in total calories and calories from fat during the dietary intervention but not with other measures of adherence. Higher baseline restrained eating was associated with greater 12-month reductions in weight, waist circumference, body fat and lean mass. Women randomized to dietary intervention had significant reductions in binge eating (− 23.7%, p = 0.005 vs. control), uncontrolled eating (− 24.3%, p < 0.001 vs. control), and emotional eating (− 31.7%, p < 0.001 vs. control) scores, and a significant increase in restrained eating (+ 60.6%, p < 0.001 vs. control); women randomized to diet + exercise reported less uncontrolled eating (− 26.0%, p < 0.001 vs. control) and emotional eating (− 22.0%, p = 0.004 vs. control), and increased restrained eating (+ 41.4%, p < 0.001 vs. control). Women randomized to exercise alone had no significant change in eating behavior scores compared to controls. Conclusions A dietary weight loss intervention helped women modify eating behaviors. Future research should investigate optimal behavioral weight loss interventions for women with both disordered eating and obesity. Trial registration NCT00470119 (https://clinicaltrials.gov). Retrospectively registered May 7, 2007.

Problematic eating behaviors in patients undergoing bariatric surgery: Studying their relationship with psychopathology

2021 ◽  
pp. 135910532098688
Author(s):  
Marta de Lourdes ◽  
Ana Pinto-Bastos ◽  
Paulo PP Machado ◽  
Eva Conceição
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Binge Eating ◽  
Disordered Eating ◽  
Eating Behaviors ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Grazing Behavior ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Bariatric Patients ◽  
Problematic Eating ◽  
Problematic Eating Behaviors

This study explored the associations between individuals presenting different problematic eating behaviors (Objective/Subjective binge-eating—OBE/SBE—and Compulsive/Non-compulsive grazing—C_Grazing/NC_Grazing) and eating disorder related symptoms. About 163 pre- and 131 post-bariatric patients were assessed. Assessment included: Face-to-face clinical interview to assess binge-eating and grazing episodes, and self-report measures to assess eating disorder symptomatology, psychological distress, and negative urgency. OBE and NC_Grazing were the problematic eating behaviors most and least associated with psychopathology, respectively. OBE and C_Grazing uniquely accounted for the significant variance in the most disordered eating variables. Our findings emphasize the need for the conceptualization of grazing behavior in the spectrum of disordered eating.

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