Synergetic Relationship between Urban and Rural Water Poverty: Evidence from Northwest China

Combining the measurement of urban and rural areas to link water and poverty provides a new insight into the fields of water resources management and poverty alleviation. Owing to rapid urban development, water resource conflicts between urban and rural areas are gettingbecoming more intensified and more complex. This study details the application of a water poverty index (WPI) using 26 indicators to evaluate urban and rural water poverty in northwest China during the period 2000–2017. This study also analyzes temporal variations of urban and rural water poverty by the kernel density estimation (KDE). We found that the level of water poverty is gradually declining over time and the improvements in urban and rural areas are not harmonious. Additionally, it applies the synergic theory to analyze the relationships between urban and rural water poverty. The correspondence analysis between urban and rural water poverty is significant because of the synergic level results. The results show that there are four primary types in northwest China: synchronous areas, urban-priority areas, rural-priority areas, and conflict areas, and their evolution stages. The results suggest the need for location-specific policy interventions. Furthermore, we put forward corresponding countermeasures. The research findings also provide a theoretical foundation for the evaluation of urban and rural water poverty, and a regional strategy to relieve conflict between urban and rural water poverty.

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Similarities and Differences in the Temporal Variability of PM2.5 and AOD Between Urban and Rural Stations in Beijing

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs12071193 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 1193 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Disong Fu ◽

Zijue Song ◽

Xiaoling Zhang ◽

Yunfei Wu ◽

Minzheng Duan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Action Plan ◽

Control Program ◽

Temporal Variations ◽

Analysis Tool ◽

Urban Station ◽

Quality Control Program ◽

Local Standard ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

Second Peak

Surface particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of <2.5 μm (PM2.5) and column-integrated aerosol optical depth (AOD) exhibits substantial diurnal, daily, and yearly variabilities that are regionally dependent. The diversity of these temporal variabilities in urban and rural areas may imply the inherent mechanisms. A novel time-series analysis tool developed by Facebook, Prophet, is used to investigate the holiday, seasonal, and inter-annual patterns of PM2.5 and AOD at a rural station (RU) and an urban station (UR) in Beijing. PM2.5 shows a coherent decreasing tendency at both stations during 2014–2018, consistent with the implementation of the air pollution action plan at the end of 2013. RU is characterized by similar seasonal variations of AOD and PM2.5, with the lowest values in winter and the highest in summer, which is opposite that at UR with maximum AOD, but minimum PM2.5 in summer and minimum AOD, but maximum PM2.5 in winter. During the National Day holiday (1–7 October), both AOD and PM2.5 holiday components regularly shift from negative to positive departures, and the turning point generally occurs on October 4. AODs at both stations steadily increase throughout the daytime, which is most striking in winter. A morning rush hour peak of PM2.5 (7:00–9:00 local standard time (LST)) and a second peak at night (23:00 LST) are observed at UR. PM2.5 at RU often reaches minima (maxima) at around 12:00 LST (19:00 LST), about four hours later (earlier) than UR. The ratio of PM2.5 to AOD (η) shows a decreasing tendency at both stations in the last four years, indicating a profound impact of the air quality control program. η at RU always begins to increase about 1–2 h earlier than that at UR during the daytime. Large spatial and temporal variations of η suggest that caution should be observed in the estimation of PM2.5 from AOD.

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Literacy Challenges in Rural China

Journal of Higher Education Research ◽

10.32629/jher.v2i6.577 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Jingting Liu

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Rural China ◽

Literacy Rate ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Financial Status ◽

Policy Interventions ◽

Main Factors ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

This article discusses the obstacles encountered in the process of literacy in rural China. Although China's overall literacy rate is high, there is a huge literacy rate gap between urban and rural areas. On this basis, this article explores the factors affecting the literacy rate in rural China, and concludes that the main factors are financial status, gender differences, health challenges, and policy interventions.

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Spatial-Temporal Relationship between Water Resources and Economic Development in Rural China from a Poverty Perspective

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18041540 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 1540

Author(s):

Zhaorunqing Liu ◽

Wenxin Liu

Keyword(s):

Economic Development ◽

Water Resources ◽

Theoretical Foundation ◽

Rural China ◽

Economic Assistance ◽

Poverty Index ◽

Temporal Perspective ◽

Policy Interventions ◽

Water Poverty Index ◽

Research Findings

Guaranteeing sustainable development is a pressing issue in China. To this end, balancing economic development and the protection of limited water resources enables healthy and orderly economic development. This study details the application of a water poverty index and sustainable livelihoods approach using 25 indicators to evaluate the water situation and the economic situation in rural China from 1997 to 2019. The analysis results suggest the need for location-specific policy interventions. In addition, we determined whether the water poverty and economic poverty or their spatial types featured the phenomenon of agglomeration. This study also proposes a harmonious development (HD) model and found a significant relationship between water poverty and economic poverty. Next, we adopted a spatial and temporal perspective to analyze the causes of variation in HD level using the modified Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) model and defined four HD levels using a classification method. The results revealed that the overall HD level was higher in the east than in the west. In conclusion, water poverty is associated with economic poverty; thus, there is a need for water and economic assistance strategies in pro-poor policies. The research findings also serve as a theoretical foundation for policies aimed at resolving conflicts between water use and economic development in rural China.

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The Impact of Parents Education, Parents Income, Teacher Education and Locality of School on Students Relinquish School during Primary Level in DG Khan District

International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences ◽

10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.54.40 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 54 ◽

pp. 40-44

Author(s):

Sunila Ahsan ◽

Nadeem Iqbal ◽

Nosheen Farooq

Keyword(s):

Teacher Education ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Study Data ◽

Level Of Education ◽

Multiple Regressions ◽

Primary Level ◽

Research Findings ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

The Impact ◽

Parents Education

In this study, reasearcher examined the impact of parent's education, parents income, teacher education and locality of school on students relinquish school during primary level .The study data was collected from different urban and rural areas of D.G.Khan schools.The study used the multiple regressions to analyze the effect of parent's education, parent'sincome, teacher education and locality of school on students relinquished school during primary level of education. This research findings show that parent's education, parents income and teacher education were significant and locality of school was insignificant . It is concluded that parent's education, parents income, teacher education are affected to students relinquished school during primary level in the districtand locality of school has no affect on students relinquish school during primary.

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Spatial–temporal variations, sources, and transport of airborne inhalable metals (PM<sub>10</sub>) in urban and rural areas of northern China

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions ◽

10.5194/acpd-14-13133-2014 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 14 (9) ◽

pp. 13133-13165 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

X. S. Luo ◽

C. C. M. Ip ◽

W. Li ◽

S. Tao ◽

X. D. Li

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Principal Component ◽

Northern China ◽

Ambient Air ◽

Temporal Variations ◽

Dust Storms ◽

Metal Levels ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract. Atmospheric particle pollution is a serious environmental issue in China, especially the northern regions. Ambient air loadings (ng m−3), pollution sources and apportionment, and transport pathways of trace (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn) and major (Al, Ca, Fe, and Mg) metals associated with inhalable particulate matters (PM10 aerosols) were characterized in urban, rural village, and rural field areas of seven cities (from inland in the west to the coast in the east: Wuwei, Yinchuan, Taiyuan, Beijing, Dezhou, Yantai, and Dalian) across northern China by taking one 72 h sample each site within a month for a whole year (April 2010 to March 2011). Ambient PM10 pollution in northern China is especially significant in the cold season (October–March) due to the combustion of coal for heating and dust storms in the winter and spring. Owing to variations in emission intensity and meteorological conditions, there is a trend of decrease in PM10 levels in cities from west to east. Both air PM10 and the associated metal loadings for urban and rural areas were comparable, showing that the current pattern of regional pollution in China differs from the decreasing urban–rural-background transect that is usual in other parts of the world. The average metal levels are Zn (276 ng m−3) ≫ Pb (93.7) ≫ Cu (54.9) ≫ Ni (9.37) > V (8.34) ≫ Cd (2.84) > Co (1.76). Judging from concentrations (mg kg−1), enrichment factors (EFs), a multivariate statistical analysis (principal component analysis, PCA), and a receptor model (absolute principal component scores-multiple linear regression analysis, APCS-MLR), the airborne trace metals (Zn, Pb, Cu, and Cd) in northern China were mainly anthropogenic, and mostly attributable to coal combustion and vehicle emissions with additional industrial sources. However, the Co was mostly of crustal origin, and the V and Ni were mainly from soil/dust in the western region and mostly from the petrochemical industry/oil combustion in the east. The accumulation of typical "urban metals" (Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cu) showed a trend of increase from west to east, indicating their higher anthropogenic contribution in eastern cities. The winter northwestern monsoon and westerly jet stream were the dominant forces in the long-range transport of airborne PM metals in northern China, with potentially global implications.

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REALITI DAN ASPIRASI PEMBANGUNAN MASYARAKAT IBAN DI PEDALAMAN DAERAH SONG, KAPIT, SARAWAK: KAJIAN KES DI TIGA BUAH RUMAH PANJANG

MANU: Jurnal Pusat Penataran Ilmu dan Bahasa (PPIB) ◽

10.51200/manu.v0i0.1894 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 131-149

Author(s):

MULA ANAK KELABU ◽

KAMAL SOLHAIMI BIN FADZIL

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Development Theory ◽

Infrastructure Development ◽

Socioeconomic Conditions ◽

Case Study Approach ◽

Study Approach ◽

Research Findings ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

Customary Land

ABSTRAK Pembangunan di Sarawak semakin rancak setelah penggabungan dengan Tanah Melayu dan Sabah pada tahun 1963. Namun begitu, selepas lima dekad bergabung membentuk negara Malaysia, pembangunan di Sarawak tidak seimbang. Terdapat jurang yang agak luas di antara bandar dengan luar bandar, terutamanya di kawasan pedalaman. Pembangunan fizikal dan sosioekonomi di kawasan pedalaman tidak menyerlah, sama ada kurang berjaya atau tidak sampai. Kajian ini akan membincangkan status pembangunan masyarakat Iban yang terletak di pedalaman Sarawak dan meneroka aspirasi pembangunan menurut pandangan lokal. Kajian akan menggunakan teori pembangunan yang dipelopori oleh Sen (1999), iaitu pembangunan sebagai kebebasan untuk menganalisis isu, kebebasan dan aspirasi pembangunan masyarakat Iban tersebut dengan menggunakan pendekatan kajian kes di tiga rumah panjang untuk mengumpul data kajian. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa wujud jurang yang agak luas antara orang Iban di rumah panjang dengan masyarakat bandar. Antaranya ialah ketinggalan dari segi pembangunan infrastruktur seperti kemudahan bekalan elektrik 24 jam dan jalan raya berturap. Isu-isu penting yang turut ditemui ialah tentang aspirasi pembangunan mereka dan penerokaan tanah adat masyarakat Iban di kawasan kajian. ABSTRACT Sarawak has developed significantly since its decision to unite with Malaya and Sabah in 1963. However, after five decades since forming Malaysia, the development of Sarawak appears to be imbalanced with huge gaps in development between urban and rural areas, especially among communities in the interior. The physical and socioeconomic conditions in these rural and interior areas are underdeveloped, as they are either less successful or have not been seen to have achieved their potential. This paper will discuss findings from our research on development aspirations among the Iban in the interior of Sarawak. This study applies the Development Theory by Sen (1999) which proposes development as a means of freedom to analyse the development aspirations of the Iban using the case study approach in three longhouses in the interior. The research findings document the wide gap between Iban communities in the longhouses and those living in cities. These gaps include exclusion from infrastructure development such as having access to 24-hour electricity supply and the lack of paved roads. Fundamental issues discussed are those regarding their aspirations for development and exploration of customary land in the areas of research.

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Critical review of water supply services in urban and rural areas of Tanzania

Water Policy ◽

10.2166/wp.2007.029 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 57-71 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Nancy Jotham Marobhe

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Financial Management ◽

Distribution Systems ◽

Large Population ◽

Dar Es Salaam ◽

Waterborne Diseases ◽

Rural Water ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

Water Supply Services

Despite several reforms in the water sector coupled with significant external financial assistance for water development projects, a large population in Tanzania faces water supply problems. This paper analyses issues and problems pertaining to urban and rural water supply services in Tanzania by citing examples from Dar es Salaam City and Singida rural district. Desk study, field visits, discussions and personal observations were used for collecting information. Water supply coverage is 73% and 53% for urban and rural areas, respectively. Only 30% of the population in Dar es Salaam is served by piped water. The unserved poorer segments of the population pay higher for water services. The water distribution systems are worn out and account for 60% of water loss. Inadequate coverage of water supply is associated with prevalence of waterborne diseases. Urban water authorities are inefficient in financial management. Water tariffs are low, ranging between US$ 0.25 and US$ 0.35/m3/month and unregistered customers exceed 110, 000. Singida rural water sources include dams, shallow and deep wells. About 70% of installed pumps are impaired owing to poor management. Rural populations use polluted sources which are purified using local seeds. Finally the paper gives recommendations for improving water supply services.

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