Similarities and Differences in the Temporal Variability of PM2.5 and AOD Between Urban and Rural Stations in Beijing

Surface particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of <2.5 μm (PM2.5) and column-integrated aerosol optical depth (AOD) exhibits substantial diurnal, daily, and yearly variabilities that are regionally dependent. The diversity of these temporal variabilities in urban and rural areas may imply the inherent mechanisms. A novel time-series analysis tool developed by Facebook, Prophet, is used to investigate the holiday, seasonal, and inter-annual patterns of PM2.5 and AOD at a rural station (RU) and an urban station (UR) in Beijing. PM2.5 shows a coherent decreasing tendency at both stations during 2014–2018, consistent with the implementation of the air pollution action plan at the end of 2013. RU is characterized by similar seasonal variations of AOD and PM2.5, with the lowest values in winter and the highest in summer, which is opposite that at UR with maximum AOD, but minimum PM2.5 in summer and minimum AOD, but maximum PM2.5 in winter. During the National Day holiday (1–7 October), both AOD and PM2.5 holiday components regularly shift from negative to positive departures, and the turning point generally occurs on October 4. AODs at both stations steadily increase throughout the daytime, which is most striking in winter. A morning rush hour peak of PM2.5 (7:00–9:00 local standard time (LST)) and a second peak at night (23:00 LST) are observed at UR. PM2.5 at RU often reaches minima (maxima) at around 12:00 LST (19:00 LST), about four hours later (earlier) than UR. The ratio of PM2.5 to AOD (η) shows a decreasing tendency at both stations in the last four years, indicating a profound impact of the air quality control program. η at RU always begins to increase about 1–2 h earlier than that at UR during the daytime. Large spatial and temporal variations of η suggest that caution should be observed in the estimation of PM2.5 from AOD.

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The seasonal variability of the amount of global solar radiation reaching the ground in urban and rural areas on the example of Warsaw and Belsk

Miscellanea Geographica ◽

10.1515/mgrsd-2016-0022 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. 29-37

Author(s):

Kinga Nelken ◽

Kamil Leziak

Keyword(s):

Solar Radiation ◽

Urban Area ◽

Rural Area ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Meteorological Data ◽

Global Solar Radiation ◽

Urban Station ◽

Reverse Relationship ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

The Relationship

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to determine the contemporary differences in the inflow of global solar radiation in Warsaw (urban station) and Belsk (rural station). The meteorological data used comprised daily sums of global solar radiation (in MJ•m−2) and the duration of sunshine (in hours) for the period 2008 2014. On clear days in spring and summer, the rural area receives more solar radiation in comparison to the urban area, whereas in autumn a reverse relationship occurs. On cloudy days in all seasons, the rural area receives more solar radiation than the urban area, and the relationship is the strongest in winter. Differences between urban and rural areas on cloudy days are smaller than those observed on clear days.

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A New Estimation of Urbanization’s Contribution to the Warming Trend in China

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/jcli-d-14-00427.1 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 28 (22) ◽

pp. 8923-8938 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Fang Wang ◽

Quansheng Ge ◽

Shaowu Wang ◽

Qingxiang Li ◽

Philip D. Jones

Keyword(s):

Climate Warming ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Warming Trend ◽

Heat Island ◽

Urban Station ◽

Urbanization Effect ◽

Urban Heat ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

Urban Effects

Abstract The extent to which an urbanization effect has contributed to climate warming is under debate in China. Some previous studies have shown that the urban heat island (UHI) contribution to national warming was substantial (10%–40%). However, by considering the spatial scale of urbanization effects, this study indicates that the UHI contribution is negligible (less than 1%). Urban areas constitute only 0.7% of the whole of China. According to the proportions of urban and rural areas used in this study, the weighted urban and rural temperature averages reduced the estimated total warming trend and also reduced the estimated urban effects. Conversely, if all stations were arithmetically averaged, that is, without weighting, the total warming trend and urban effects will be overestimated as in previous studies because there are more urban stations than rural stations in China. Moreover, the urban station proportion (68%) is much higher than the urban area proportion (0.7%).

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Complete elimination of iodine deficiency-induced diseases in the Republic of Serbia through overall salt iodination

Problems of Endocrinology ◽

10.14341/probl11455 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

pp. 37-40

Author(s):

M. Simic ◽

M. Banisevic ◽

Z. Andjelkovic ◽

G. Zivic ◽

L. Zikic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Detection Rate ◽

Control Program ◽

Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽

Dietary Salt ◽

The Past ◽

Ultrasound Study ◽

The Republic ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

The territory of Serbia has been long known to be an iodine deficiency area. The surveys conducted in the past 50 years have shown that iodine deficiency disorders ranged from small goiters to endemic cretinism. The iodine deficiency control program has been implemented in Serbia since 1951, in so doing, the salt concentration of iodine (as potassium iodide) has been gradually increased and at present it is 20 mg/kg. Just in the mid- 1960s, iodine prophylaxis led to cessation of new cases of cretinism and large goiters.This survey was undertaken to determine the iodine provision in Serbia. The survey was conducted in accordance with the WHO, UNICEF, and ICCIDD guidelines and it covered 4598 schoolchildren aged 7 to 15 years from the urban and rural areas of 44 municipalities of Central Serbia and Vojvodina. Among all the examinees, the detection rate of the enlarged thyroid was 2.35% (as evidenced by ultrasound study) and the median urinary iodine concentration was 158 μg/l. The findings suggest that iodine deficiency has been completely eliminated in Serbia due to the effective program of the overall dietary salt iodination.

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Prevalence of tobacco use in urban and rural areas of Pakistan; a sub-study from second National Diabetes Survey of Pakistan (NDSP) 2016 - 2017

Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.12669/pjms.36.4.1705 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Abdul Basit ◽

Bilal Bin Younus ◽

Nazish Waris ◽

Asher Fawwad ◽

NDSP Members*

Keyword(s):

Tobacco Use ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Control Program ◽

Ratio Test ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Creative Commons ◽

Diabetes Survey ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Objective: To assess age standardized prevalence of tobacco use in urban and rural areas of Pakistan. Methods: This is a sub-study of second National Diabetes Survey of Pakistan (NDSP) 2016-2017. Prevalence of tobacco, ex-tobacco and non-tobacco users was determined in urban/rural areas of four provinces (Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Baluchistan) of Pakistan amongst people aged greater than or equal to 20 years. Information regarding tobacco and non-tobacco users were obtained from second NDSP (2016-2017) predesigned questionnaire. Detailed methodology for demographic, anthropometric and biochemical parameters remained same as reported in second NDSP (2016-2017). Results: The age-standardized prevalence of tobacco use in Pakistan was found to be 13.4%. Tobacco use in urban areas was 16.3% and rural areas was 11.7%. Tobacco use in urban and rural males was 26.1% and 24.1%, while in females was 7.7% and 3.1%, respectively. The age-standardized prevalence of ex-tobacco use in Pakistan was found to be 2.3%. Ex-tobacco use in urban areas was 2.6% and rural areas was 2.3%. Similarly, ex-tobacco use in urban and rural males was 4.6% and 4.6%, while in females was 0.7% and 0.5%, respectively. Multinomial logistic regression analysis shows that increasing age does not relate towards addiction of tobacco. Males were found to be 7 times (OR 6.94, 95% CI 5.68-8.49) and urban residents twice (OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.73-2.52) more tobacco users than females and those living in rural areas, respectively. From the likelihood ratio test, all variables were found to be statistically significant except for dysglycemia, dyslipidemia and hypertension. Conclusion: The prevalence of tobacco use is high. As a sub paper of a large national survey, this evidence is expected to serve as an important tool to plan larger studies leading in turn to develop strategies for a successful tobacco control program in the country. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.4.1705 How to cite this:Basit A, Younus BB, Waris N, Fawwad A, NDSP members. Prevalence of tobacco use in urban and rural areas of Pakistan; a sub-study from second National Diabetes Survey of Pakistan (NDSP) 2016 - 2017. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36(4):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.4.1705 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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They’re Dying in the Suburbs: COVID-19 Cases and Deaths by Geography in Louisiana (USA)

10.1101/2020.10.28.20221341 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Alina Schnake-Mahl ◽

Usama Bilal

Keyword(s):

New Orleans ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Temporal Trends ◽

Data Availability ◽

Suburban Areas ◽

Incidence And Mortality ◽

The Us ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

Second Peak

AbstractThe national COVID-19 conversation in the US has mostly focused on urban areas, without sufficient examination of another geography with large vulnerable populations: the suburbs. While suburbs are often thought of as areas of uniform affluence and racial homogeneity, over the past 20 years, poverty and diversity have increased substantially in the suburbs. In this study, we compare geographic and temporal trends in COVID-19 cases and deaths in Louisiana, one of the few states with high rates of COVID-19 during both the spring and summer. We find that incidence and mortality rates were initially highest in New Orleans. By the second peak, trends reversed: suburban areas experienced higher rates than New Orleans and similar rates to other urban and rural areas. We also find that increased social vulnerability was associated with increased positivity and incidence during the first peak. During the second peak, these associations reversed in New Orleans while persisting in other urban, suburban, and rural areas. The work draws attention to the high rates of COVID-19 cases and deaths in suburban areas and the importance of metropolitan-wide actions to address COVID-19.RegistrationN/AFunding sourceNIH (DP5OD26429) and RWJF (77644)Code and data availabilityCode for replication along with data is available here: https://github.com/alinasmahl1/COVID_Louisiana_Suburban/.

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SCHOOL DROPOUT IN VASLUI COUNTY – CAUSES, RISK SITUATIONS

10.51267/icpesk2020bp02 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 12-23

Keyword(s):

Social Exclusion ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Action Plan ◽

School Dropout ◽

Dropping Out ◽

The European Union ◽

School Students ◽

Essential Questions ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

Work Abroad

Our country is facing serious problems related to school dropout and social exclusion, especially in rural areas. In some Romanian counties, these aspects have reached a worrying level, being necessary to take urgent measures, carry out useful activities and develop an action plan for social and educational integration. Vaslui is a disadvantaged county mainly in rural areas, where school dropout, difficulty in accessing education and social exclusion are alarming, being a case of extreme poverty, in last place in the European Union. What are the determining causes of this reality and the risk situations faced by people in this county? are essential questions of this research. Poverty, lack of jobs and ensuring a decent family living determine massive departures to work abroad, which negatively influences the education of children, who do not attend mandatory courses to complete eight grades. Due to real causes, these children are guided towards other existential priorities that contribute to dropping out of school for household activities, marriage at the age of 13-14, going abroad to their parents, etc. This ascertaining research was carried out over 6 months and used documentation, survey (conversation), statistical and mathematical and graphical methods. The research included a significant number of middle-school students (grades 5-8) from urban and rural areas in Vaslui County. The research highlights the reality of school dropout in a poor area of our country, delimiting its causes and risk situations in order to find out viable solutions to reduce in the future this extremely important social phenomenon.

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Synergetic Relationship between Urban and Rural Water Poverty: Evidence from Northwest China

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16091647 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (9) ◽

pp. 1647 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Wenxin Liu ◽

Minjuan Zhao ◽

Yu Cai ◽

Rui Wang ◽

Weinan Lu

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Northwest China ◽

Temporal Variations ◽

Resource Conflicts ◽

Priority Areas ◽

Policy Interventions ◽

Water Poverty Index ◽

Rural Water ◽

Research Findings ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Combining the measurement of urban and rural areas to link water and poverty provides a new insight into the fields of water resources management and poverty alleviation. Owing to rapid urban development, water resource conflicts between urban and rural areas are gettingbecoming more intensified and more complex. This study details the application of a water poverty index (WPI) using 26 indicators to evaluate urban and rural water poverty in northwest China during the period 2000–2017. This study also analyzes temporal variations of urban and rural water poverty by the kernel density estimation (KDE). We found that the level of water poverty is gradually declining over time and the improvements in urban and rural areas are not harmonious. Additionally, it applies the synergic theory to analyze the relationships between urban and rural water poverty. The correspondence analysis between urban and rural water poverty is significant because of the synergic level results. The results show that there are four primary types in northwest China: synchronous areas, urban-priority areas, rural-priority areas, and conflict areas, and their evolution stages. The results suggest the need for location-specific policy interventions. Furthermore, we put forward corresponding countermeasures. The research findings also provide a theoretical foundation for the evaluation of urban and rural water poverty, and a regional strategy to relieve conflict between urban and rural water poverty.

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MULTIKULTURALISME PESERTA DIDIK MUSLIM DI YOGYAKARTA

EDUKASI Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Agama dan Keagamaan ◽

10.32729/edukasi.v16i1.457 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Author(s):

A. M. Wibowo

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

High School Students ◽

Multicultural Education ◽

Rural Areas ◽

School Level ◽

Analysis Tool ◽

Muslim Students ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

The Impact ◽

Special Region

ABSTRACTThis study attempts to measure the multiculturalism of Muslimsstudent in high school level in Special region of Yogyakarta as the impact of the implementation of Islamic religious education in the School. Multiculturalism measured includes multiculturalism of Muslim students in high school (SMA), vocational (SMK) and Madrasah Aliyah (MA) education units in urban and rural areas. The focus of this research was conducted in Yogyakarta City and Kulonprogo Regency of Yogyakarta Special Region with Working Hypothesis (H1) (1) there is difference of multiculturalism of Muslim students between high school students, SMK, MA between urban and rural, (2) there is difference of multiculturalism of Muslims Student SMA, SMK, MA is seen from urban and rural, (3) there is interaction between the type of school and school location (rural or urban). By using quantitative research method with two way analysis tool of anova, this research has found 3 findings that are (1) there is difference of multiculturalism of Muslim students between SMA, SMK and MA students, (2) there is difference of multiculturalism level between school in urban and rural areas, where Muslimsstudent in rural schools are more multicultural than students who attend school in urban areas, (3) there is no interaction between the type of education and the area of multicultural education. ABSTRAKPenelitian ini mencoba mengukur multikulturalisme peserta didik muslim pada satuan pendidikan setingkat SMA di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta sebagai dampak dari implementasi pendidikan agama Islam di Sekolah. Multikulturalisme yang diukur mencakup uji beda multikulturalisme peserta didik muslim pada satuan pendidikan SMA, SMK, dan Madrasah Aliyah di perkotaan maupun di pedesaan. Lokus penelitian ini dilakukan di Kota Yogyakarta dan Kabupaten Kulonprogo Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta dengan Hipotesa kerja (H1) (1) terdapat perbedaan multikulturalisme peserta didik muslim antara peserta didik SMA, SMK, MA antara di perkotaan dengan di pedesaan, (2) terdapat perbedaan multikulturalisme peserta didik Muslim SMA, SMK, MA dilihat dari perkotaan dan Pedesaan, (3) terdapat interaksi antara jenis sekolah dan letak sekolah (pedesaan atau perkotaan). Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian kuantitatif dengan alat uji analisis two way anova penelitian ini berhasil menemukan 3temuan yaitu (1) terdapat perbedaan multikulturalisme peserta didik muslim antara peserta didik SMA, SMK dan MA, (2) terdapat perbedaan tingkat multikulturalisme antara sekolah yang berada di perkotaan dan pedesaan, dimana muslim yang bersekolah di pedesaan lebih multiculturalis dibandingkan yangbersekolah di perkotaan, (3) tidak terdapat interaksi antara jenis pendidikan dan wilayah terhadap pendidikan multikultural.

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Determination of Specific Emission Factors of Residential for Carbon Footprint Estimation and Mapping in Banyuwangi District

Jurnal Purifikasi ◽

10.12962/j25983806.v16.i1.32 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Layli Yuliana

Keyword(s):

Carbon Footprint ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Action Plan ◽

Emission Factors ◽

Activity Data ◽

Residential Sector ◽

The Government ◽

Mitigate Climate Change ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Increasing concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere occurred due to human activities, one of which is the residential sector. In an effort to overcome the problem of increased concentrations of greenhouse gases, the Government of Indonesia launched the first step action plan to mitigate climate change by doing GHG inventory in accordance with the IPCC guidelines. To increase the accuracy in conducting an inventory, each country was encouraged to draw up specific emission factors. This study aims to determine the residential sector of specific emission factors and analyze the distribution of emissions by mapping the carbon footprint. Calculation method was using the IPCC. Activity data was fuel for cooking in urban and rural areas. The results of the questionnaire showed a different pattern of household fuel consumption in urban and rural areas, households in urban areas generally use LPG, whereas in the rural areas wear LPG and firewood. From the results obtained by analysis, the value of specific emission factor of fuel use for cooking in urban areas 0,3855 tons of CO2/ household.year, in rural areas 1,7776 tons of CO2/household.year. The result of calculation and mapping shows higher carbon footprint of fuel in rural areas due to the use of firewood.

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Spatial–temporal variations, sources, and transport of airborne inhalable metals (PM<sub>10</sub>) in urban and rural areas of northern China

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions ◽

10.5194/acpd-14-13133-2014 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 14 (9) ◽

pp. 13133-13165 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

X. S. Luo ◽

C. C. M. Ip ◽

W. Li ◽

S. Tao ◽

X. D. Li

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Principal Component ◽

Northern China ◽

Ambient Air ◽

Temporal Variations ◽

Dust Storms ◽

Metal Levels ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract. Atmospheric particle pollution is a serious environmental issue in China, especially the northern regions. Ambient air loadings (ng m−3), pollution sources and apportionment, and transport pathways of trace (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn) and major (Al, Ca, Fe, and Mg) metals associated with inhalable particulate matters (PM10 aerosols) were characterized in urban, rural village, and rural field areas of seven cities (from inland in the west to the coast in the east: Wuwei, Yinchuan, Taiyuan, Beijing, Dezhou, Yantai, and Dalian) across northern China by taking one 72 h sample each site within a month for a whole year (April 2010 to March 2011). Ambient PM10 pollution in northern China is especially significant in the cold season (October–March) due to the combustion of coal for heating and dust storms in the winter and spring. Owing to variations in emission intensity and meteorological conditions, there is a trend of decrease in PM10 levels in cities from west to east. Both air PM10 and the associated metal loadings for urban and rural areas were comparable, showing that the current pattern of regional pollution in China differs from the decreasing urban–rural-background transect that is usual in other parts of the world. The average metal levels are Zn (276 ng m−3) ≫ Pb (93.7) ≫ Cu (54.9) ≫ Ni (9.37) > V (8.34) ≫ Cd (2.84) > Co (1.76). Judging from concentrations (mg kg−1), enrichment factors (EFs), a multivariate statistical analysis (principal component analysis, PCA), and a receptor model (absolute principal component scores-multiple linear regression analysis, APCS-MLR), the airborne trace metals (Zn, Pb, Cu, and Cd) in northern China were mainly anthropogenic, and mostly attributable to coal combustion and vehicle emissions with additional industrial sources. However, the Co was mostly of crustal origin, and the V and Ni were mainly from soil/dust in the western region and mostly from the petrochemical industry/oil combustion in the east. The accumulation of typical "urban metals" (Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cu) showed a trend of increase from west to east, indicating their higher anthropogenic contribution in eastern cities. The winter northwestern monsoon and westerly jet stream were the dominant forces in the long-range transport of airborne PM metals in northern China, with potentially global implications.

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