scholarly journals Public Attitudes toward Biobanking of Human Biological Material for Research Purposes: A Literature Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 2209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Domaradzki ◽  
Pawlikowski
Keyword(s):  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
Biological Material ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Social Attitudes ◽  
Public Knowledge ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Willingness To Donate ◽  
Public Views ◽  
Human Biological Material

Background: During the past few decades there has been a growing interest on the part of many governments in the creation of biobanks. Nevertheless, this would be impossible without participation of many donors who offer samples of their biological material for scientific research. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the existing research on social attitudes towards biobanking. Material and Methods: A literature search was conducted in the database of MEDLINE (PubMed). 61 papers were included in the analysis. The retrieved articles were assessed using a thematic analysis. Results: Eight main themes were identified: (1) public knowledge about biobanks, (2) public views on biobanking, (3) willingness to donate, (4) donors’ motivations, (5) perceived benefits and risks of biobanking, (6) preferred type of consent, (7) trust toward biobanks, and (8) demographic characteristics of potential donors. Conclusions: Although the public lacks knowledge about biobanking, many individuals declare willingness to donate. Their will is influenced by: their knowledge about biobanking, the type of donated tissue, research purpose, concerns over the safety of the data, preferred type of consent, and trust towards biobanks.

A Subtle but Intractable Problem? Public Attitudes to Sectarianism in 2014

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 266-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Ormston ◽  
John Curtice ◽  
Stephen Hinchliffe ◽  
Anna Marcinkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Social Attitudes ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Beliefs ◽  
Intractable Problem ◽  
Robust Evidence

Discussion of sectarianism often focuses on evidence purporting to show discriminatory behaviour directed at Catholics or Protestants in Scotland. But attitudes also matter – in sustaining (or preventing) such discriminatory behaviours, and in understanding the nature of the ‘problem of sectarianism’ from the perspective of the Scottish public. This paper uses data from the Scottish Social Attitudes survey 2014. The survey fills a gap in the evidence base by providing robust evidence on what the public actually thinks about sectarianism in modern Scotland. It assesses public beliefs about the extent and nature of sectarianism and its perceived causes. Tensions in public opinion and differences in the attitudes of different sections of Scottish society are explored.

scholarly journals Chinese views on nuclear weapons: Evidence from an online survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 205316802110328
Author(s):  
Naomi Egel ◽  
R. Lincoln Hines
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
Text Analysis ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
The Public ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
Public Views ◽  
Chinese Public

What are Chinese public attitudes regarding nuclear weapons? Although scholars have studied Chinese elites’ views on nuclear weapons, surprisingly little is known about the views of China’s public. To understand Chinese public views on nuclear weapons, we conduct an online survey ( N = 1066) of Chinese respondents. This is, to our knowledge, the first survey of Chinese public attitudes towards nuclear weapons. We find that although Chinese citizens view the possession of nuclear weapons as important for their country’s security, they strongly oppose the use of nuclear weapons under any circumstances. We also provide respondents an opportunity to describe their views on nuclear weapons in their own words. Using computer-assisted text analysis, we assess patterns in these open-ended responses and compare across age groups. We find that younger respondents emphasize non-material factors such as having a greater voice internationally, whereas older respondents emphasize self-defense. Overall, this analysis sheds light on the public attitudes that may shape China’s evolving approach to nuclear weapons.

scholarly journals “Giving something back”: A systematic review and ethical enquiry into public views on the use of patient data for research in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Stockdale ◽  
Jackie Cassell ◽  
Elizabeth Ford
Keyword(s):  
Common Good ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Patient Data ◽  
Service Planning ◽  
Biomedical Ethics ◽  
Public Understanding ◽  
Framework Analysis ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Views

Background: Use of patients’ medical data for secondary purposes such as health research, audit, and service planning is well established in the UK. However, the governance environment, as well as public understanding about this work, have lagged behind. We aimed to systematically review the literature on UK and Irish public views of patient data used in research, critically analysing such views though an established biomedical ethics framework, to draw out potential strategies for future good practice guidance and inform ethical and privacy debates.Methods: We searched three databases using terms such as patient, public, opinion, and electronic health records. Empirical studies were eligible for inclusion if they surveyed healthcare users, patients or the public in UK and Ireland and examined attitudes, opinions or beliefs about the use of patient data for medical research. Results were synthesised into broad themes using a framework analysis.Results: Out of 13,492 papers and reports screened, 20 papers or reports were eligible. While there was a widespread willingness to share patient data for research for the common good, this very rarely led to unqualified support. The public expressed two generalised concerns about the potential risks to their privacy. The first of these concerns related to a party’s competence in keeping data secure, while the second was associated with the motivation a party might have to use the data.Conclusions: The public evaluates trustworthiness of research organisations by assessing their competence in data-handling and motivation for accessing the data. Public attitudes around data-sharing exemplified several principles which are also widely accepted in biomedical ethics. This provides a framework for understanding public attitudes, which should be considered in the development in any guidance for regulators and data custodians. We propose four salient questions which decision makers should address when evaluating proposals for the secondary use of data

Ultimate Sovereignty and the Flexibility of the Islamic Caliphate/Democracy

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-322
Author(s):  
Mujtaba Isani
Keyword(s):  
Political Thought ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Popular Sovereignty ◽  
The Public ◽  
Islamic Political Thought ◽  
Book Covers ◽  
Public Views ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Practical Implications

Abstract March’s exceptional book profoundly deals with the ideas of popular sovereignty and the Caliphate in modern Islamic political thought. While this book covers the concept of popular sovereignty in quite detail, March’s portrayal fails to convince the reader whether or not Islamic democracies are possible as a result. Based on previous work on medieval Islamic political thought and public attitudes towards the Caliphate, I argue that conceptions of Islamic government have differed according to context, place and time, and in the modern era the public views the Caliphate as a vehicle for justice and welfare. This implies that Islamic government can still be broadly based on the principles of modern Islamic political thought while the exact institutional configurations may still be able to differ according to place, time and context. In conclusion, while March’s book carefully synthesizes the theoretical debates, it might not have far-reaching practical implications for Islamic democracy.

scholarly journals Publishing accessible content on OJS and beyond

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariya Maistrovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Interest Group ◽  
Public Knowledge ◽  
Journal Publishing ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Community Initiative ◽  
Source Journal ◽  
Content Accessibility ◽  
Open Journal Systems

Open Journal Systems (OJS) was released in 2001 and has since become the most widely used open-source journal publishing platform in existence, with over 25,000 journals using it worldwide. Over the past few years, the Public Knowledge Project (PKP), its creator, has been working on improving accessibility of the platform, including the release of the first accessible Default theme in OJS 3.3. This presentation will go over the accessibility improvements made to day and those planned ahead. Making the platform accessible is only half the battle however as it is often the published content that presents barriers to readers. Creating resources for editors and authors to improve content accessibility – in OJS and beyond – is one of the goals of the PKP Accessibility Interest Group (AIG), a community initiative established in 2020. We will highlight the work of the group and the resources it makes available to the public. This overview is presented on behalf of the PKP AIG.

scholarly journals Online Publishing, Technical Representation, and the Politics of Code: The Case of CJC Online

2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Felczak ◽  
Richard Smith ◽  
Rowland Lorimer
Keyword(s):  
Canadian Journal ◽  
Public Knowledge ◽  
Online Publishing ◽  
The Public ◽  
Online Technologies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Publishing Technology ◽  
A Site ◽  
And Control ◽  
Open Journal Systems

Abstract: The Canadian Journal of Communication (CJC) began to experiment with online technologies in 1994, in part as a response to the increasing commodification of scholarship by commercial academic publishers. This article reviews and reflects on the CJC’s online publishing efforts over the past decade and suggests that online publishing technology is a site of struggle that is situated by and situates academics, publishers, and readers along interdependent axes of agency, citizenship, and commodification. Today, the CJC uses and contributes to the Open Journal Systems (OJS) publishing technology developed by the Public Knowledge Project. We argue that academic-initiated undertakings such as OJS and the Canada-wide Synergies project present academics with strategic opportunities to define and control online scholarly publishing.Résumé : En 1994, le Canadian Journal of Communication (CJC) a entamé l’essai de technologies en ligne, partiellement en réponse à la marchandisation croissante de la recherche par les éditeurs académiques commerciaux. Cet article fait le point sur les efforts d’édition en ligne de la part du CJC dans la dernière décennie et suggère que la technologie d’édition en ligne est un site de lutte situant universitaires, éditeurs et lecteurs le long d’axes interdépendants d’action, de citoyenneté et de marchandisation. Aujourd’hui, le CJC utilise, tout en y contribuant, la technologie d’édition « Open Journal System » telle que développée par le Public Knowledge Project. Nous soutenons que des initiatives académiques comme l’OJS et le projet national Synergies offrent aux universitaires des occasions stratégiques de définir et contrôler l’édition savante.

“Feeling Tells Better Than Language”: Emotional Expression and Gender Hierarchy in the Sermons of Fethullah Gülen Hocaefendİ

1997 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 41-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esra G. Özyürek
Keyword(s):  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Public Knowledge ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Celebrity Status ◽  
Gender Hierarchy ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Vast Network ◽  
Political Figure ◽  
Better Than

Over the past two years, the televised sermons of Fethullah Hocaefendi have thrust him into the public limelight, lending his name celebrity status as a prominent religious-cum-political figure. His long standing influence as the leader of one of the most powerful Islamic communities in contemporary Turkey, Nur Cemaati, is now common public knowledge. Currently, this group owns one of the largest mass circulating newspapers (Zaman), a TV channel (Samanyolu) and a vast network of hundreds of educational institutions extending all the way from Turkey to Central Asia. The teachings of Fethullah Gülen Hoca are widely disseminated through books as well as cassette recordings of his sermons, readily available for sale on counters of commercial bookstores. For the “secularized” public however, Fethullah Hoca's renown extends beyond his religious-cum-political prominence. He is famous for the fact that he weeps ecstatically during his sermons, contrary to what is expected of a man in Turkey today.

scholarly journals Public Attitudes Towards Sharing Loyalty Card Data for Academic Health Research: a Qualitative Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth H Dolan ◽  
Kate Shiells ◽  
James Goulding ◽  
Anya Skatova
Keyword(s):  
Data Sharing ◽  
Health Research ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Research Information ◽  
Academic Health ◽  
The Public ◽  
Willingness To Donate ◽  
Loyalty Card

Abstract Background: A growing number of studies show the potential of loyalty card data for use in health research. However, research into public perceptions of using this data is limited. This study aimed to investigate public attitudes towards donating loyalty card data for academic health research, and the safeguards the public would want to see implemented. The way in which participant attitudes varied according to whether loyalty card data would be used for either cancer or COVID-19 research was also examined. Methods: Participants (N=40) were recruited via Prolific Academic to take part in semi-structured telephone interviews, with questions focused on data sharing related to either COVID-19 or ovarian/bowel cancer as the proposed health condition to be researched. Content analysis was used to identify sub-themes corresponding to the two a priori themes, attitudes and safeguards.Results: Participant attitudes were found to fall into two categories, either rational or emotional. Under rational, most participants were in favour of sharing loyalty card data. Support of health research was seen as an important reason to donate such data, with loyalty card logs being considered as already within the public domain. With increased understanding of research purpose, participants expressed higher willingness to donate data. Within the emotional category, participants shared fears about revealing location information and of third parties obtaining their data. With regards to safeguards, participants described the importance of anonymisation and the level of data detail; the control, convenience and choice they desired in sharing data; and the need for transparency and data security. The change in hypothetical purpose of the data sharing, from Covid-19 to cancer research, had no impact on participants’ decision to donate, although did affect their understanding of how loyalty card data could be used. Conclusions: Based on interviews with the public, this study contributes recommendations for those researchers and the wider policy community seeking to obtain loyalty card data for health research. Whilst participants were largely in favour of donating loyalty card data for academic health research, information, choice and appropriate safeguards are all exposed as prerequisites upon which decisions are made.

Public Attitudes towards Migration in Scotland: Exceptionality and Possible Policy Implications

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
David McCollum ◽  
Beata Nowok ◽  
Scott Tindal
Keyword(s):  
Immigration Policy ◽  
General Public ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Public Realm ◽  
The Public ◽  
Attitudinal Data ◽  
Scottish Government ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Public Views

Scotland is often perceived as having a relatively welcoming view towards migrants and is presented as such by its politicians and policymakers. This positioning sits within a broader political context in which the Scottish Government favours immigration but has limited policy levers with which to directly influence it. This paper seeks to scrutinise the supposition that Scotland can be seen as ‘different’ to the rest of the UK in terms of how immigration is perceived in the public realm. This is pursued through the analysis of attitudinal data to explore public views on migration, the potential drivers of these perceptions and their implications for future immigration policy in the context of the 2014 referendum on the constitutional future of Scotland. The research finds that the public in Scotland does hold relatively positive views towards migration and that this could be related to Scotland's particular experience of population in and out movements. However there is evidence of some (growing) hostility towards migration on the part of the general public in Scotland and a possible link between nationalist leanings and opposition to ‘Others’. These findings have significant implications for debates regarding possible future immigration policies in Scotland.

scholarly journals Patients’ and public views and attitudes towards the sharing of health data for research: a narrative review of the empirical evidence

2019 ◽  
pp. medethics-2019-105651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shona Kalkman ◽  
Johannes van Delden ◽  
Amitava Banerjee ◽  
Benoît Tyl ◽  
Menno Mostert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Data Sharing ◽  
Health Research ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Health Data ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
The Public ◽  
Social License ◽  
Public Views

IntroductionInternational sharing of health data opens the door to the study of the so-called ‘Big Data’, which holds great promise for improving patient-centred care. Failure of recent data sharing initiatives indicates an urgent need to invest in societal trust in researchers and institutions. Key to an informed understanding of such a ‘social license’ is identifying the views patients and the public may hold with regard to data sharing for health research.MethodsWe performed a narrative review of the empirical evidence addressing patients’ and public views and attitudes towards the use of health data for research purposes. The literature databases PubMed (MEDLINE), Embase, Scopus and Google Scholar were searched in April 2019 to identify relevant publications. Patients’ and public attitudes were extracted from selected references and thematically categorised.ResultsTwenty-seven papers were included for review, including both qualitative and quantitative studies and systematic reviews. Results suggest widespread—though conditional—support among patients and the public for data sharing for health research. Despite the fact that participants recognise actual or potential benefits of data research, they expressed concerns about breaches of confidentiality and potential abuses of the data. Studies showed agreement on the following conditions: value, privacy, risk minimisation, data security, transparency, control, information, trust, responsibility and accountability.ConclusionsOur results indicate that a social license for data-intensive health research cannot simply be presumed. To strengthen the social license, identified conditions ought to be operationalised in a governance framework that incorporates the diverse patient and public values, needs and interests.

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