scholarly journals The Effects of Different Space Forms in Residential Areas on Outdoor Thermal Comfort in Severe Cold Regions of China

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (20) ◽  
pp. 3960 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheming Liu ◽  
Yumeng Jin ◽  
Hong Jin
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
The South ◽  
Cold Regions ◽  
Space Forms ◽  
Transition Season ◽  
Outdoor Spaces ◽  
Outdoor Space ◽  
Comfort Condition

In the context of global climate change and accelerated urbanization, the deterioration of the urban living environment has had a serious negative impact on the life of residents. However, studies on the effects of forms and configurations of outdoor spaces in residential areas on the outdoor thermal environment based on the particularity of climate in severe cold regions are very limited. Through field measurements of the thermal environment at the pedestrian level in the outdoor space of residential areas in three seasons (summer, the transition season and winter) in Harbin, China, this study explored the effects of forms and configurations of three typical outdoor spaces (the linear block, the enclosed block, and the square) on the thermal environment and thermal comfort using the Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET). The results show that the thermal environment of all outdoor space forms was relatively comfortable in the transition season but was uncomfortable in summer and winter. The full-enclosed block with a lower sky view factor (SVF) had a higher thermal comfort condition in summer and winter. The linear block with higher buildings and wider south–north spacing had a higher thermal comfort condition in summer and winter. When the buildings on the south side were lower and the south–north spacing was wider, the thermal environment of the square was more comfortable in winter.

Field Survey on Occupant Thermal Comfort of Cold Regions in Transition Season

2013 ◽  
Vol 805-806 ◽  
pp. 1620-1624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan Ying Qu
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Cold Regions ◽  
Indoor Thermal Environment ◽  
Transition Season

A thermal comfort field study was investigated in residential buildings of cold regions in transition season during which the indoor thermal environment conditions are measured, the thermal sensation value of the occupants is questioned and recorded. A seven-point thermal sensation scale was used to evaluate the thermal sensation. The statistical method was used to analyze the data and the conclusions are as follows in transition season: clothing increase in 0.1clo when the indoor air temperature is lowered by 1°C; and clothing will be a corresponding increase in 0.06clo when the outdoor air temperature is lowered by 1°C; clothing also varies with gender, age, weight and thermal history and other related; the measured thermal neutral temperature is 21.3°C; and the minimum accepted temperature is 11.4 °C in transition season in cold regions. Most people choose to change clothes, switch and other passive measures, and occasionally take active measures of heater, electric fans and others.

scholarly journals Thermal Environment Design of Outdoor Spaces by Examining Redevelopment Buildings Opposite Central Osaka Station

Climate ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideki Takebayashi
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Wind Velocity ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Heat Budget ◽  
Environment Design ◽  
Building Shape ◽  
Outdoor Spaces ◽  
Outdoor Space ◽  
Typical Summer ◽  
Radiant Temperature

Thermal environmental design in an outdoor space is discussed by focusing on the proper selection and arrangement of buildings, trees, and covering materials via the examination of redevelopment buildings in front of Central Osaka Station, where several heat island countermeasure technologies have been introduced. Surface temperatures on the ground and wall were calculated based on the surface heat budget equation in each 2 m size mesh of the ground and building wall surface. Incident solar radiation was calculated using ArcGIS and building shape data. Mean radiant temperature (MRT) of the human body was calculated using these results. Distribution of wind velocity was calculated by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) reproducing buildings, obstacles, trees, and the surroundings. The effect of MRT on SET* was greater than that of wind velocity at 13:00 and 17:00 on a typical summer day. SET* reduction was the highest by solar radiation shading, followed by surface material change and ventilation. The largest ratio of the area considered for the thermal environment was 83% on Green Garden, which consists of 44% of building shade, 21% of tree shade, 7% of water surface, and 11% of green cover. It is appropriate to consider the thermal environment design of outdoor space in the order of shade by buildings, shading by trees, and improvement of surface materials.

scholarly journals Determining Favourable and Unfavourable Thermal Areas in Seoul Using In-Situ Measurements: A Preliminary Step towards Developing a Smart City

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 2320 ◽  
Author(s):  
You Jin Kwon ◽  
Dong Kun Lee ◽  
Kiseung Lee
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Coverage Ratio ◽  
Study Results

Urban heat island effects (UHIE) are becoming increasingly widespread, thus, there is an urgent need to address thermal comfort, which significantly influences the daily lives of people. In this study, a means of improving the thermal environment by spatial analysis of heat was implemented to ensure basic thermal comfort in future smart cities. Using Seoul as the study site, the relationship between sensible heat and land cover type was used to identify heat islands in this city. Thereafter, k-means clustering was employed to extract unfavourable and favourable thermal areas. High sensible heat indicates locations where environmental heat needs to be mitigated. Sensible heat distribution data were used for spatial typification to formulate an effective land cover factor to mitigate the UHIE. In-situ net radiation data measured at six sites were utilised to confirm the spatial typification of the thermal environment. It was found that expanding the green space by 1% reduces the sensible heat by 4.9 W/m2. Further, the building coverage ratio and green coverage influence the sensible heat in compact residential areas. The study results can be used to establish spatial planning standards to improve the thermal environments of sustainable cities.

scholarly journals Analyzing the Effect of Water Body on the Thermal Environment and Comfort at Indoor and Outdoor Spaces in Tropical University Campus

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 282-288
Author(s):  
Farhadur Reza ◽  
◽  
Shoichi Kojima ◽  
Wataru Ando
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Outdoor Thermal Comfort ◽  
University Campus ◽  
Clothing Insulation ◽  
Comfort Index ◽  
Outdoor Spaces ◽  
Globe Temperature ◽  
And Performance ◽  
University Spaces

Water bodies play a significant role in its surrounding thermal environment. Thermal comfort in university spaces is critical that affects the students’ health and performance as well as the staffs. This study investigated thermal environment and comfort near lakeside and non-lakeside tropical university spaces. Standard Effective Temperature (SET*) have been calculated using recorded air temperature, relative humidity, globe temperature, air velocity, clothing insulation and metabolic rate to evaluate the thermal comfort in outdoor and indoor spaces. The effects of weather parameters have been clearly visible on the comfort index. The calculated SET* values indicate that the outdoor thermal comfort near a lake is much closer to the standard comfort zone than non-lakeside outdoor space. In the case of indoor thermal comfort, however, slightly a different scenario has been observed. To achieve the desirable indoor thermal environment, some design considerations are recommended based on findings.

scholarly journals Thermal Comfort Condition of Passengers in Naturally Ventilated Train Stations

2019 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 02069
Author(s):  
Junta Nakano ◽  
Shin-ichi Tanabe
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Indoor Environment ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Train Station ◽  
Spot Cooling ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
Indoor Comfort ◽  
Comfort Condition

Train is the most frequently used means of transportation in Tokyo. Train stations are gaining attention as commercial complex today, and higher level of comfort is being demanded for the indoor environment. Open structure of the train station and semi-outdoor like environment suggest that the thermal comfort condition is relaxed compared to indoor comfort standards. The objective of this study is to investigate the thermal comfort condition within train stations and to clarify the appropriate target for environmental control. Field surveys were carried out in summer, autumn and winter during July 2004 to August 2006 in four train stations located in urban area of Tokyo. Concourses were not air-conditioned except one station where spot cooling was operated in summer near the ticket gate. Each survey was conducted from 7:00 to 20:00 for 3 to 11 days per season per station for a total of 81 days. The survey consisted of thermal environment measurement and thermal comfort questionnaire. More than 80% of passengers felt thermally comfortable within the range of 19 to 29 °C SET*. However, acceptability zone was found to be 19 to 32 °C SET*, and it is recommended to design naturally ventilated train stations to fulfil this target.

scholarly journals A Seasonal Field Investigation to Perceive Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Thermal Adaption at Malacca Tourist Area- A Pilot Test

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Golnoosh Manteghi
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Outdoor Thermal Comfort ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Equivalent Temperature ◽  
Physiological Equivalent Temperature ◽  
Outdoor Spaces ◽  
Different Seasons

Season plays a key role in the development of outdoor spaces for pedestrians in hot humid cities. This research studies the influence of seasonal variations on pedestrian thermal comfort on the pedestrian level by means of meteorology and field observations of selected footpaths in the major tourist area of Malacca. This experiment was carried out on selected clear calm days indicative of each season during the development of a research project, and hourly meteorological transects from 10:00 am to 6:00 pm and questioned 200 respondents on their thermal awareness, comfort, and preferences were conducted. Adaptation, thermal comfort vote, thermal preference, age, season and hour of the day were significant non-meteorological factors, apart from meteorological information. The findings of analyzes showed that the thermal experience and expectation existed and in different seasons people changed perceptions for the outside thermal environment. Almost 80% local tourist and 55 % international tourist was accepted Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) range affected by the local climate and thermal adaptation. The subjective thermal sensation on physiological equivalent temperature generated an acceptable physiological equivalent temperature of 32.6°C to 36.8°C based on the seasonal variations for Malacca tourist zone in Malaysia. These findings shed light on the optimal design of outdoor spaces for increasing the utilization rate. The seasonal variation must be taken into account so that the outdoor landscape design provides more opportunities for different seasons to communicate with the atmosphere and so enhance thermal comfort and utilization.

scholarly journals Does a neutral thermal sensation determine thermal comfort?

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally Shahzad ◽  
John Brennan ◽  
Dimitris Theodossopoulos ◽  
John K Calautit ◽  
Ben R Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Building Design ◽  
Thermal Preference ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Comfort Zone ◽  
Indoor Thermal Environment ◽  
Human Thermal Comfort ◽  
Comfort Condition

The neutral thermal sensation (neither cold, nor hot) is widely used through the application of the ASHRAE seven-point thermal sensation scale to assess thermal comfort. This study investigated the application of the neutral thermal sensation and it questions the reliability of any study that solely relies on neutral thermal sensation. Although thermal-neutrality has already been questioned, still most thermal comfort studies only use this measure to assess thermal comfort of the occupants. In this study, the connection of the occupant’s thermal comfort with thermal-neutrality was investigated in two separate contexts of Norwegian and British offices. Overall, the thermal environment of four office buildings was evaluated and 313 responses (three times a day) to thermal sensation, thermal preference, comfort, and satisfaction were recorded. The results suggested that 36% of the occupants did not want to feel neutral and they considered thermal sensations other than neutral as their comfort condition. Also, in order to feel comfortable, respondents reported wanting to feel different thermal sensations at different times of the day suggesting that occupant desire for thermal comfort conditions may not be as steady as anticipated. This study recommends that other measures are required to assess human thermal comfort, such as thermal preference. Practical application: This study questions the application of neutral thermal sensation as the measure of thermal comfort. The findings indicate that occupant may consider other sensations than neutral as comfortable. This finding directly questions the standard comfort zone (e.g. ASHRAE Standard 55) as well as the optimum temperature, as many occupants required different thermal sensations at different times of the day to feel comfortable. These findings suggest that a steady indoor thermal environment does not guarantee thermal comfort and variations in the room temperature, which can be controlled by the occupant, need to be considered as part of the building design.

A review of mitigating strategies to improve the thermal environment and thermal comfort in urban outdoor spaces

2019 ◽  
Vol 661 ◽  
pp. 337-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dayi Lai ◽  
Wenyu Liu ◽  
Tingting Gan ◽  
Kuixing Liu ◽  
Qingyan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Outdoor Spaces

scholarly journals Efecto de la temperatura de bulbo seco y humedad relativa en la sensación térmica percibida en espacios exteriores en clima cálido seco

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-29
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Bojórquez-Morales ◽  
Aníbal Luna-León ◽  
Ramona Romero-Moreno ◽  
Verónica Jiménez-López
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Warm Period ◽  
Cold Period ◽  
Adaptation Level ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Critical Effect ◽  
Outdoor Spaces

Conditions of the thermal environment in outdoor spaces determine not only its quality, but also the risk of morbidity from remaining in it. The objective of this research was to estimate the effect of dry bulb temperature and relative humidity on the perceived thermal sensation in outdoor spaces in hot dry climate. The thermal comfort adaptation approach was used with the thermal sensation interval means method, the analysis considered three activity levels for the warm period (with 823 observations) and cold period (with 863 observations), and the adaptation level of subjects based on their thermal sensation. The results indicate that even when the critical effect is due to the dry bulb temperature, the relative humidity has an important effect on the perceived sensation.

scholarly journals A Sustainable Design Strategy Based on Building Morphology to Improve the Microclimate of University Campuses in Cold Regions of China Using an Optimization Algorithm

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Shuo Chen ◽  
Peng Cui ◽  
Hongyuan Mei
Keyword(s):  
Multiobjective Optimization ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Outdoor Environment ◽  
Outdoor Thermal Comfort ◽  
Cold Regions ◽  
University Campuses ◽  
Outdoor Spaces ◽  
Road Width ◽  
Plot Ratio

The microclimate affects the quality and efficiency of outdoor spaces of campuses, especially in the cold regions of China. In this paper, we propose a multiobjective optimization method to improve the thermal comfort of the outdoor environment of university campuses in severe cold regions. We used morphology data from 41 universities in the cold region of China to create a layout prototype of a campus cluster. Multiobjective optimization was used, and the effects of sunlight, solar radiation, and wind on the outdoor thermal comfort in winter were considered. A parameterized platform was established for the multiobjective optimization of the microclimate of the simplified model of the campus. A multiobjective optimization based on an evolutionary algorithm was used to obtain 108 groups of nondominated solutions. The optimum outdoor microclimate of the campus was obtained at a building density of 0.21–0.23, a plot ratio of 1.51–1.88, and a road width of 11–14 m. We recommend that buildings are designed based on the wind direction in winter and that the space between buildings is increased.

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