scholarly journals Assessment of Ambient Air Toxics and Wood Smoke Pollution among Communities in Sacramento County

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 1080 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven G. Brown ◽  
Janice Lam Snyder ◽  
Michael C. McCarthy ◽  
Nathan R. Pavlovic ◽  
Stephen D’Andrea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Wood Smoke ◽  
Air Toxics ◽  
Wood Burning ◽  
Sacramento County ◽  
Phone Survey ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Smoke Pollution

Ambient air monitoring and phone survey data were collected in three environmental justice (EJ) and three non-EJ communities in Sacramento County during winter 2016–2017 to understand the differences in air toxics and in wood smoke pollution among communities. Concentrations of six hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) and black carbon (BC) from fossil fuel (BCff) were significantly higher at EJ communities versus non-EJ communities. BC from wood burning (BCwb) was significantly higher at non-EJ communities. Correlation analysis indicated that the six HAPs were predominantly from fossil fuel combustion sources, not from wood burning. The HAPs were moderately variable across sites (coefficient of divergence (COD) range of 0.07 for carbon tetrachloride to 0.28 for m- and p-xylenes), while BCff and BCwb were highly variable (COD values of 0.46 and 0.50). The BCwb was well correlated with levoglucosan (R2 of 0.68 to 0.95), indicating that BCwb was a robust indicator for wood burning. At the two permanent monitoring sites, wood burning comprised 29–39% of the fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on nights when PM2.5 concentrations were forecasted to be high. Phone survey data were consistent with study measurements; the only significant difference in the survey results among communities were that non-EJ residents burn with indoor devices more often than EJ residents.

scholarly journals Inter-comparison of source apportionment models for the estimation of wood burning aerosols during wintertime in an Alpine city (Grenoble, France)

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 559-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Favez ◽  
I. El Haddad ◽  
C. Piot ◽  
A. Boréave ◽  
E. Abidi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Source Apportionment ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Organic Aerosols ◽  
Receptor Site ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
Wood Burning ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Fossil Fuel Emissions

Abstract. The emission of organic aerosols (OA) in the ambient air by residential wood burning is nowadays a subject of great scientific concern and a growing number of studies aim at apportioning the influence of such emissions on urban air quality. In the present study, results obtained using two commonly-used source apportionment models, i.e., Chemical Mass Balance (CMB, performed with off-line filter measurements) and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF, applied to aerosol mass spectrometer measurements), as well as using the recently-proposed aethalometer model (based on the measurement of the aerosol light absorption at different wavelengths) are inter-compared. This work is performed using field data obtained during the winter season (14 to 30 January 2009) at an urban background site of a French Alpine city (Grenoble). Converging results from the different models indicate a major contribution of wood burning organic aerosols (OMwb) to the organic fraction, with mean OMwb contributions to total OA of about 67%, 60% and 38% for the CMB, the aethalometer and the AMS-PMF models, respectively. Quantitative discrepancies might notably be due to the overestimation of OMwb calculated by the CMB due to the loss of semi-volatile compounds from sources to receptor site, as well as to the accounting of oxidized primary wood burning organic (OPOAwb) aerosols within the Oxygenated Organic Aerosol (OOA) PMF-factor. This OOA factor accounts on average for about 50% of total OM, while non-combustion sources contribute to about 25% and 28% of total OM according to the CMB and aethalometer models, respectively. Each model suggests a mean contribution of fossil fuel emissions to total OM of about 10%. A good agreement is also obtained for the source apportionment of elemental carbon (EC) by both the CMB and aethalometer models, with fossil fuel emissions representing on average more than 80% of total EC.

scholarly journals Inter-comparison of source apportionment models for the estimation of wood burning aerosols during wintertime in an Alpine city (Grenoble, France)

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 5295-5314 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Favez ◽  
I. El Haddad ◽  
C. Piot ◽  
A. Boréave ◽  
E. Abidi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Source Apportionment ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Organic Aerosols ◽  
Receptor Site ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Wood Burning ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Modelling Studies ◽  
Fossil Fuel Emissions

Abstract. The emission of organic aerosols (OA) in the ambient air by residential wood burning is nowadays a subject of great scientific concern and a growing number of studies aim at apportioning the influence of such emissions on urban air quality. In the present study, results obtained using two commonly-used source apportionment models, i.e., Chemical Mass Balance (CMB, performed with off-line filter measurements) and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF, applied to Aerosol Mass Spectrometer measurements), as well as using the recently-proposed Aethalometer model (based on the measurement of the aerosol light absorption at different wavelengths) are inter-compared. This work is performed using field data obtained during the winter season (14 to 29 January 2009) at an urban background site of a French Alpine city (Grenoble). Converging results from the different models indicate a major contribution of wood burning organic aerosols (OMwb) to the ambient aerosol organic fraction, with mean OMwb contributions to total OA of 68%, 61% and 37% for the CMB, the Aethalometer and the AMS-PMF models respectively, during the period when the three modelling studies overlapped (12 days). Quantitative discrepancies might notably be due to the overestimation of OMwb calculated by the CMB due to the loss of semi-volatile compounds from sources to receptor site, as well as to the accounting of oxidized primary wood burning organic (OPOAwb) aerosols within the Oxygenated Organic Aerosol (OOA) PMF-factor. This OOA factor accounts on average for about 50% of total OM, while non-combustion sources contribute to about 25% and 28% of total OM according to the CMB and Aethalometer models respectively. Each model suggests a mean contribution of fossil fuel emissions to total OM of about 10%. A good agreement is also obtained for the source apportionment of elemental carbon (EC) by both the CMB and the Aethalometer models, with fossil fuel emissions representing on average more than 80% of total EC.

Temporal variation and impact of wood smoke pollution on a residential area in southern Germany

2010 ◽  
Vol 44 (31) ◽  
pp. 3823-3832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Aynul Bari ◽  
Guenter Baumbach ◽  
Bertram Kuch ◽  
Guenter Scheffknecht
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Variation ◽  
Residential Area ◽  
Wood Smoke ◽  
Southern Germany ◽  
Smoke Pollution

scholarly journals Enhancing national data to align with policy objectives: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander smoking prevalence at finer geographic levels

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyson Wright ◽  
Ray Lovett ◽  
Yvette Roe ◽  
Alice Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Torres Strait Islander ◽  
Smoking Prevalence ◽  
Geospatial Analysis ◽  
Daily Smoking ◽  
Sample Sizes ◽  
Regional Patterns ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Torres Strait

Objectives The aim of the study was to assess the utility of national Aboriginal survey data in a regional geospatial analysis of daily smoking prevalence for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians and discuss the appropriateness of this analysis for policy and program impact assessment. Methods Data from the last two Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) national surveys of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey 2014–15 (n = 7022 adults) and the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey 2012–13 (n = 10 896 adults), were used to map the prevalence of smoking by Indigenous regions. Results Daily smoking prevalence in 2014–15 at Indigenous regions ranges from 27.1% (95%CI 18.9–35.3) in the Toowoomba region in Queensland to 68.0% (95%CI 58.1–77.9) in the Katherine region in the Northern Territory. The confidence intervals are wide and there is no significant difference in daily smoking prevalence between the two time periods for any region. Conclusion There are significant limitations with analysing national survey data at finer geographical scales. Given the national program for Indigenous tobacco control is a regional model, evaluation requires finer geographical analysis of smoking prevalence to inform public health progress, policy and program effects. Options to improve the data currently collected include increasing national survey sample sizes, implementing a smoking status question in census surveys, investing in current cohort studies focused on this population or implementing localised surveys. What is known about the topic? The last geospatial analysis of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander smoking prevalence was undertaken in 1997. Current national survey data have not been analysed geospatially. What does this paper add? This paper provides new insights into the use of national survey data for understanding regional patterns and prevalence levels of smoking in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations. What are the implications for practitioners? The findings of the study suggest caution when interpreting prevalence maps and highlight the need for greater sample sizes in national survey data. The analysis is also an opportunity to assess the use of national survey data in evaluating the policy impact of programs targeted at a regional level.

scholarly journals KNOWLEDGE OF HEPATITIS PREVENTION AMONG REPRODUCTIVE AGE GROUP WOMEN FROM PAKISTAN DEMOGRAPHIC HEALTH SURVEY DATA 2012-13

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-138
Author(s):  
Faiz Rasul Awan ◽  
Muhammad Safdar Baig ◽  
Atiq ur Rehman Khan
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Demographic And Health Survey ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Reproductive Age Group

Background: Pakistan and Egypt bear more than 80% of the burden of disease as more than 12 million people are suffering from hepatitis B or C infection and there is addition of about 150000 new cases each year.Methods: We have used secondary data PDHS - Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey, DHS has become the gold standard of survey data in developing countries, a project by ORC Macro with financial support from the USAID for the International Development carried out as multistage, cluster sampling for its data collection on multiple questions, most pertinent from our study point view the maternal and child health related to knowledge attitude and practices of hepatitis and its prevention. Results:The final multivariate model six variables came out to be statistically significant with their adjusted odd's ration p-value and 95% confidence interval i.e., use of new disposable syringe every time for therapeutic injection purpose, the respondent being rich as wealth index, reading newspapers and magazines, watching television as source of information, area of residence being urban and with higher educational level came out to be most important variable which are making statistically significant difference for prevention of hepatitis among females of reproductive age group as our study population from Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2012-13. Conclusion: It is quite evident from the results of our study that use of new disposal syringes, being rich , being educated, having access to information resources like watching television, listening radio, reading newspaper & magazine and being as an urban dwellers are significant factor among women of reproductive age groups for prevention of hepatitis.

National review of ambient air toxics observations

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeleine Strum ◽  
Richard Scheffe
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Air ◽  
Air Toxics ◽  
National Review

Malaysian Primary Teachers’ Perceptions on Dyscalculia

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 125-136
Author(s):  
Yoong Soo May ◽  
Fu Sai Hoe ◽  
Wong Wei Lun ◽  
Lijuan Shen
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Primary Teachers ◽  
Difficulty Level ◽  
Ministry Of Education ◽  
Learning Abilities ◽  
Learning Capability ◽  
Primary School Teachers ◽  
Teachers Perceptions ◽  
Significant Difference

This study aims to examine the perceptions of primary school teachers in Malaysia regarding dyscalculia using a survey. The researchers conducted the study using a quantitative design. The survey data had been collected using a questionnaire. The survey data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The questionnaire was adapted from Chinn’s (2020) checklist for dyscalculia with permission from Professor Dr. Steve Chinn. Thirty Mathematics teachers from Year One to Year Three in primary schools were randomly chosen. The severity of dyscalculia were analysed by using means and standard deviations. In contrast, independent t-tests were used to compare the severity of dyscalculia between school locations, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the severity of dyscalculia between different school types. According to teachers’ perceptions, the difficulty level for dyscalculic pupils in our country is medium-high (M=3.684, σ=.994). There is no significant difference in dyscalculia severity between school locations (p=.243, p>.05). However, there is a significant difference in dyscalculia severity between school types (p=.007, p.05). Dyscalculic pupils need to be detected since primary schools. The future agenda for this study is to design and develop an instrument in order to detect the dyscalculic pupils among the population. The disparities in dyscalculia severity levels between school types and s are important for the Ministry of Education, educators, teachers, and researchers. This is because it will be useful to determine the allocations of funding and resources so that the learning capability for pupils with different learning abilities can be improved to the maximum.

scholarly journals Accurate, Low Cost PM2.5 Measurements Demonstrate the Large Spatial Variation in Wood Smoke Pollution in Regional Australia and Improve Modeling and Estimates of Health Costs

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 856
Author(s):  
Dorothy L. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Health Costs ◽  
Wood Smoke ◽  
Population Exposure ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Smoke Pollution ◽  
Wood Heating ◽  
Regional Australia

The accuracy and utility of low-cost PM2.5 sensors was evaluated for measuring spatial variation and modeling population exposure to PM2.5 pollution from domestic wood-heating (DWH) in Armidale, a regional town in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, to obtain estimates of health costs and mortality. Eleven ‘PurpleAir’ (PA) monitors were deployed, including five located part of the time at the NSW government station (NSWGov) to derive calibration equations. Calibrated PA PM2.5 were almost identical to the NSWGov tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) and Armidale Regional Council’s 2017 DustTrak measurements. Spatial variation was substantial. National air quality standards were exceeded 32 times from May–August 2018 at NSWGov and 63 times in one residential area. Wood heater use by about 50% of households increased estimated annual PM2.5 exposure by over eight micrograms per cubic meter, suggesting increased mortality of about 10% and health costs of thousands of dollars per wood heater per year. Accurate real-time community-based monitoring can improve estimates of exposure and avoid bias in estimating dose-response relationships. Efforts over the past decade to reduce wood smoke pollution proved ineffective, perhaps partly because some residents do not understand the health impacts or costs of wood-heating. Real-time Internet displays can increase awareness of DWH and bushfire pollution and encourage governments to develop effective policies to protect public health, as recommended by several recent studies in which wood smoke was identified as a major source of health-hazardous air pollution.

scholarly journals Assessment of wood burning versus fossil fuel contribution to wintertime black carbon and carbon monoxide concentrations in Athens, Greece

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (14) ◽  
pp. 10219-10236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Athina-Cerise Kalogridis ◽  
Stergios Vratolis ◽  
Eleni Liakakou ◽  
Evangelos Gerasopoulos ◽  
Nikolaos Mihalopoulos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Monitoring Site ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Urban Background ◽  
Wood Burning ◽  
Ambient Concentrations ◽  
Co Concentrations

Abstract. The scope of this study was to estimate the contribution of fossil fuel and wood burning combustion to black carbon (BC) and carbon monoxide (CO) during wintertime, in Athens. For that purpose, in situ measurements of equivalent black carbon (eBC) and CO were simultaneously conducted in a suburban and an urban background monitoring site in Athens during the 3 months of winter 2014–2015. For the deconvolution of eBC into eBC emitted from fossil fuel (BCff) and wood burning (BCwb), a method based on the spectral dependency of the absorption of pure black carbon and brown carbon was used. Thereafter, BCwb and BCff estimated fractions were used along with measured CO concentrations in a multiple regression analysis, in order to quantify the contribution of each one of the combustion sources to the ambient CO levels. For a comparative analysis of the results, we additionally estimated the wood burning and fossil fuel contribution to CO, calculated on the basis of their CO ∕ NOx emission ratios. The results indicate that during wintertime BC and CO are mainly emitted by local sources within the Athens Metropolitan Area (AMA). Fossil fuel combustion, mainly from road traffic, is found to be the major contributor to both eBC in PM2.5 and CO ambient concentrations in AMA. However, wintertime wood burning makes a significant contribution to the observed eBC (of about 30 %) and CO concentrations (on average, 11 and 16 % of total CO in the suburban and urban background sites respectively). Both BC and CO from biomass burning (BCwb and COwb, respectively) present a clear diurnal pattern, with the highest concentrations during night-time, supporting the theory of local domestic heating being their main source.

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