scholarly journals Prevalence and Risk Factors of Elevated Blood Pressure and Elevated Blood Glucose among Residents of Kajiado County, Kenya: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (19) ◽  
pp. 6957
Author(s):  
Anita Nyaboke Ongosi ◽  
Calistus Wilunda ◽  
Patou Masika Musumari ◽  
Teeranee Techasrivichien ◽  
Chia-Wen Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Vegetable Intake ◽  
Elevated Blood Pressure ◽  
Elevated Blood ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Elevated Blood Glucose

Kenya is experiencing a rising burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), yet data to inform effective interventions are limited. We investigated the prevalence of elevated blood pressure, elevated blood glucose and their determinants in a rapidly urbanizing area in Kenya. Data on socio-demographics, dietary and behavioural risk factors, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, blood glucose, plasma lipids and urinary biomarkers were collected from 221 men and 372 women (25–64 years). Multivariable logistic regression models assessed correlates of elevated blood pressure (EBP) and elevated blood glucose (EBG). Participants’ mean age was 38.0. ± 11.1 years. The prevalence rates of pre-hypertension and hypertension were 49.0% and 31.6% in men and 43.7% and 20.1% in women, respectively, while those of pre-diabetes and diabetes were 8.4% and 8.0% in men and 11.6% and 7.4% in women, respectively. The prevalence of Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2 was higher in women (60.2%) than in men (39.7%). However, both the risk of EBP and EBG were stronger among men than among women. The high prevalence rates of EBP, EBG and overweight/obesity coupled with low physical activity and low fruit and vegetable intake predispose this population to a higher NCD risk. Interventions to mitigate this risk considering the sex differences are urgently required.

scholarly journals Using a Screening Toolkit to Determine the Prevalence of Non-Communicable Diseases in an Urban Slum of Mumbai, India: A Cross-Sectional Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ria Rungta ◽  
Andrew T. DeWan ◽  
Vijaykumar Gawali ◽  
Luc de Witte ◽  
Saria Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Social Determinants Of Health ◽  
Social Determinants ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Elevated Blood Pressure ◽  
Elevated Blood ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Elevated Blood Glucose ◽  
Slum Dwellers

Abstract Background: Higher than national rates of non-communicable diseases have been found in some urban slums of India. This has been attributed to potentially lower levels of education and decreased access to preventative care. We sought to assess the prevalence of NCDs in a Mumbai slum compared to national averages and understand the association with social determinants of health.Methods: We used a screening toolkit called THULSI (Toolkit for Healthy Urban Life in Slums Initiative) in a community health-camp setting to screen 266 slum dwellers for obesity (BMI above 25 kg/m2), elevated blood pressure (SBP > 120 mm of Hg and DBP > 80 mm of Hg), and elevated blood glucose (RPG > 200 mg/dL). A health survey was administered to understand the demographic data and information about health-seeking behavior of the slum dwellers. The collected data was analyzed to determine the prevalence of each condition and associations with different social determinants of health such as literacy and education level, diagnosis and marital status, age, gender, place of care, employment, availability of toilet, and languages spoken. Results: Of the screened population, 72.6% had elevated blood pressure, 9.0% had elevated blood glucose, 63.2% were obese, and 12.4% were overweight. These rates were 2.81, 1.04, and 3.84 times higher than the national averages, respectively. Of the study population, 26.7% had one condition, 53.4% had two conditions, and 7.9% had all the three conditions we screened for. Male gender (OR: 3.33, 95% CI: 1.37, 8.07) and older age (35-49 years OR: 3.03, 95% CI: 1.52, 6.05, 49-63 years OR: 7.22, 95% CI: 3.06, 17.05, >= 63 years OR: 6.82, 95% CI: 2.12, 22.00) were associated with increased odds of elevated blood pressure, not being previous diagnosed (OR: 0.04, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.13) was associated with lower odds of elevated blood glucose, and older age (35-49 years OR: 2.51, 95% CI: 1.21, 5.21, 49-63 years OR: 4.95, 95% CI: 2.06, 11.92) was associated with increased odds of obesity.Conclusion: We found higher than national rates of the NCDs and high comorbidity in the screened slum population of Mumbai. This signifies the need for screening services and the importance of awareness and education in this population.

scholarly journals The human microbiota is associated with cardiometabolic risk across the epidemiologic transition

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Na Fei ◽  
Beatriz Peñalver Bernabé ◽  
Louise Lie ◽  
Danny Baghdan ◽  
Kweku Bedu-Addo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Microbial Diversity ◽  
Elevated Blood Pressure ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Elevated Blood ◽  
African Origin ◽  
Cut Points

AbstractOral and fecal microbial biomarkers have previously been associated with cardiometabolic (CM) risk, however, no comprehensive attempt has been made to explore this association in minority populations or across different geographic regions. We characterized gut- and oral-associated microbiota and CM risk in 655 participants of African-origin, aged 25-45, from Ghana, South Africa, Jamaica, and the United States (US). CM risk was classified using the CM risk cut-points for elevated waist circumference, elevated blood pressure and elevated fasted blood glucose, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and elevated triglycerides. Gut-associated bacterial alpha diversity negatively correlated with elevated blood pressure and elevated fasted blood glucose. Similarly, gut bacterial beta diversity was also significantly differentiated by waist circumference, blood pressure, triglyceridemia and HDL-cholesterolemia. Notably, differences in inter- and intra-personal gut microbial diversity were geographic-region specific. Participants meeting the cut-points for 3 out of the 5 CM risk factors were significantly more enriched with Lachnospiraceae, and were significantly depleted of Clostridiaceae, Peptostreptococcaceae, andPrevotella. The predicted relative proportions of the genes involved in the pathways for lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and butyrate synthesis were also significantly differentiated by the CM risk phenotype, whereby genes involved in the butyrate synthesis via lysine, glutarate and 4-aminobutyrate/succinate pathways and LPS synthesis pathway were enriched in participants with greater CM risk. Furthermore, inter-individual oral microbiota diversity was also significantly associated with the CM risk factors, and oral-associatedStreptococcus, Prevotella, andVeillonellawere enriched in participants with 3 out of the 5 CM risk factors. We demonstrate that in a diverse cohort of African-origin adults, CM risk is significantly associated with reduced microbial diversity, and the enrichment of specific bacterial taxa and predicted functional traits in both gut and oral environments. As well as providing new insights into the associations between the gut and oral microbiota and CM risk, this study also highlights the potential for novel therapeutic discoveries which target the oral and gut microbiota in CM risk.

scholarly journals Undiagnosed elevated blood pressure and its life style related risk factors among adults: Cross sectional survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 4962
Author(s):  
CVasantha Kalyani ◽  
AnissaA Mirza ◽  
SureshK Sharma ◽  
Vartika Saxena ◽  
KusumK Rohilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Life Style ◽  
Elevated Blood Pressure ◽  
Elevated Blood ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Related Risk

scholarly journals Effects of Cranberry Juice Supplementation on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Adults with Elevated Blood Pressure: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2618
Author(s):  
Chesney K. Richter ◽  
Ann C. Skulas-Ray ◽  
Trent L. Gaugler ◽  
Stacey Meily ◽  
Kristina S. Petersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Vascular Function ◽  
Elevated Blood Pressure ◽  
Elevated Blood ◽  
Lipoprotein Profile ◽  
Cranberry Juice ◽  
Central Systolic Blood Pressure

Emerging cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, including central vascular function and HDL efflux, may be modifiable with food-based interventions such as cranberry juice. A randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial was conducted in middle-aged adults with overweight/obesity (n = 40; mean BMI: 28.7 ± 0.8 kg/m2; mean age: 47 ± 2 years) and elevated brachial blood pressure (mean systolic/diastolic BP: 124 ± 2/81 ± 1 mm Hg). Study participants consumed 500 mL/d of cranberry juice (~16 fl oz; 27% cranberry juice) or a matched placebo juice in a randomized order (8-week supplementation periods; 8-week compliance break), with blood samples and vascular measurements obtained at study entry and following each supplementation period. There was no significant treatment effect of cranberry juice supplementation on the primary endpoint of central systolic blood pressure or central or brachial diastolic pressure. Cranberry juice significantly reduced 24-h diastolic ambulatory BP by ~2 mm Hg compared to the placebo (p = 0.05) during daytime hours. Cranberry juice supplementation did not alter LDL-C but significantly changed the composition of the lipoprotein profile compared to the placebo, increasing the concentration of large LDL-C particles (+29.5 vs. −6.7 nmol/L; p = 0.02) and LDL size (+0.073 vs. −0.068 nm; p = 0.001). There was no effect of treatment on ex vivo HDL efflux in the total population, but exploratory subgroup analyses identified an interaction between BMI and global HDL efflux (p = 0.02), with greater effect of cranberry juice in participants who were overweight. Exploratory analyses indicate that baseline C-reactive protein (CRP) values may moderate treatment effects. In this population of adults with elevated blood pressure, cranberry juice supplementation had no significant effect on central systolic blood pressure but did have modest effects on 24-hr diastolic ambulatory BP and the lipoprotein profile. Future studies are needed to verify these findings and the results of our exploratory analyses related to baseline health moderators.

Prevalence of Elevated Blood Pressure and Risk Factors for Hypertension in College Athletes

2021 ◽  
Vol Publish Ahead of Print ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley J. Petek ◽  
Jonathan A. Drezner ◽  
Kimberly G. Harmon
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
College Athletes ◽  
Elevated Blood Pressure ◽  
Elevated Blood

scholarly journals ‘Low-Salt’ Bread as an Important Component of a Pragmatic Reduced-Salt Diet for Lowering Blood Pressure in Adults with Elevated Blood Pressure

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin D. Cashman ◽  
Sorcha Kenny ◽  
Joseph P. Kerry ◽  
Fanny Leenhardt ◽  
Elke K. Arendt
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Bone Metabolism ◽  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Elevated Blood Pressure ◽  
Elevated Blood ◽  
Salt Diet ◽  
Low Salt ◽  
Dietary Period ◽  
Reduced Salt

Reformulation of bread in terms of salt content remains an important measure to help achieve a reduction in salt intake in the population and for the prevention of hypertension and elevated blood pressure (BP). Our fundamental studies on the reduction of salt on dough and bread characteristics showed that wheat breads produced with 0.3 g salt/100 g (“low-salt”) were found to be comparable quality to that produced with the typical level of salt (1.2%). This food-based intervention trial examined, using a 5 week cross-over design, the potential for inclusion of “low-salt” bread as part of a pragmatic reduced-salt diet on BP, markers of bone metabolism, and plasma lipids in 97 adults with slightly to moderately elevated BP. Assuming all sodium from dietary intake was excreted through the urine, the intake of salt decreased by 1.7 g/day, on average, during the reduced-salt dietary period. Systolic BP was significantly lower (by 3.3 mmHg on average; p < 0.0001) during the reduced-salt dietary period compared to the usual-salt dietary period, but there was no significant difference (p = 0.81) in diastolic BP. There were no significant differences (p > 0.12, in all cases) in any of the urinary- or serum-based biochemical indices of calcium or bone metabolism or in plasma lipids between the two periods. In conclusion, a modest reduction in dietary salt intake, in which the use of “low-salt” (i.e., 0.3 g/100g) bread played a key role along with dietary advice, and led to a significant, and clinically meaningful, decrease in systolic, but not diastolic, BP in adults with mildly to moderately elevated BP.

scholarly journals The metabolic syndrome – What is it and how should it be managed?

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 33-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M Nilsson ◽  
Jaakko Tuomilehto ◽  
Lars Rydén
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Elevated Blood Pressure ◽  
Elevated Blood ◽  
Successful Management ◽  
Unhealthy Lifestyle ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Frail Elderly People

A cluster of metabolic factors have been merged into an entity named the metabolic syndrome. Although the characteristics of this syndrome have varied over time the presently used definition was established in 2009. The presence of three abnormal findings out of five components qualifies a person for the metabolic syndrome: elevated waist circumference, elevated triglycerides, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, elevated blood pressure and elevated fasting plasma glucose. Cut points have been defined for all components apart from waist circumference, for which national or regional values are used. The metabolic syndrome predicts cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. This associated risk does not exceed its components whereof elevated blood pressure is the most frequent. A successful management should, however, address all factors involved. The management is always based on healthy lifestyle choices but has not infrequently to be supported by pharmacological treatment, especially blood pressure lowering drugs. The metabolic syndrome is a useful example of the importance of multiple targets for preventive interventions. To be successful management has to be individualized not the least when it comes to pharmacological therapy. Frail elderly people should not be over-treated. Knowledge transfer of how risk factors act should be accompanied by continuous trust building and motivation. In complex situations with a mix of biological risk factors, adverse social conditions and unhealthy lifestyle, everything cannot be changed at once. It is better to aim for small steps that are lasting than large, unsustainable steps with relapses to unhealthy behaviours. A person with the metabolic syndrome will always be afflicted by its components, which is the reason that management has to be sustained over a very long time. This review summarizes the knowledge on the metabolic syndrome and its management according to present state of the art.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Risk Factors of Elevated Blood Pressure, Overweight, and Dyslipidemia in Adolescent and Young Adults in Rural Nepal

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 319-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine P. Stewart ◽  
Parul Christian ◽  
Lee S.F. Wu ◽  
Steven C. LeClerq ◽  
Subarna K. Khatry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Elevated Blood Pressure ◽  
Elevated Blood ◽  
Adolescent And Young Adults ◽  
Rural Nepal

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Undetected Elevated Blood Pressure in an Elderly Southeast Asian Population

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Joshi ◽  
J. Lim ◽  
M. Nandkumar
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
Asian Population ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Elevated Blood Pressure ◽  
Elevated Blood ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
The Mean

Data on the prevalence of Hypertension (HTN) among elderly Asians is limited. We investigated the prevalence of elevated blood pressure (EBP) and its risk factors in a multiracial Southeast Asian elderly population who participated in the National Kidney Foundation Singapore nationwide screening programme. Among 19,848 subjects ≥ 65 years (approximately 6% of the total Singapore population), the mean age was 70.6 ± 5.26 yrs. After excluding 36.6% with known HTN, analysis revealed that 5,889 (46.8%) of the remaining population had previously undetected EBP >140/ 90. Increasing age, male gender, BMI ≥ 23 kg/m2 and pre-existing diabetes were significantly associated with previously undetected EBP on multivariate analysis. 6% of cases with undetected EBP had proteinuria suggestive of longstanding EBP and renal damage. We conclude that there is a high prevalence of undetected EBP in elderly Asians, suggesting the need for increased e forts in screening in the elderly population. Asia Pac J Public Health 2007; 19(2): 3—9.

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