Respiratory Hospitalizations and Their Relationship with Air Pollution Sources in the Period of FIFA World Cup and Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Background: From 2010 onwards, the city of Rio de Janeiro has undergone changes related to the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Olympic Games, potentially affecting the respiratory health of inhabitants. Thus, the spatial distribution of respiratory hospitalizations (2008–2017) and the relationship between this outcome and potential air pollution sources in the city of Rio de Janeiro (2013–2017) were evaluated. Methods: An ecological study was performed using the Bayesian model with multivariate Poisson regression for the period of the sporting events (2013–2017). The outcome was the ratio of hospitalizations for respiratory diseases by the population at risk. Data analysis was performed in the total population and by sex and age group. The air pollution-related variables included industrial districts, traffic density, tunnel portals, a seaport, airports, and construction/road work. Results: All explanatory variables, except tunnel portals, were associated with an increase in the outcome. Construction/road work showed a greater magnitude of association than the other pollution-related variables. Airports were associated with an increased hospitalization ratio among the ≥60 year-old group (mean = 2.46, 95% credible intervals = 1.35–4.46). Conclusion: This study allows for a better understanding of the geographical distribution of respiratory problems in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Present results may contribute to improved healthcare planning and raise hypotheses concerning exposure to air pollution and respiratory hospitalizations.

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Rio de Janeiro cittŕ dei mega eventi sportivi: progetti, politiche urbane e impatti sociali

TERRITORIO ◽

10.3280/tr2012-060026 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 158-166

Author(s):

Giuliana Costa

Keyword(s):

Rio De Janeiro ◽

Olympic Games ◽

Sporting Events ◽

Window Of Opportunity ◽

World Cup ◽

Context Factors ◽

Pan American ◽

The City ◽

Positive Impacts

In the next two years, Rio de Janeiro will host the two largest sporting events on the planet, the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Olympic Games. This article illustrates the context factors which led the city to enter the global scene through this strategy of events and it critically reviews the stages that led to this choice, explaining how it used the 2007 Pan American Games to gain accreditation in this market and how it was inspired by the experience of the Barcelona Olympics. An illustration is also given of the urban plans and policies that are taking shape for Rio 2014 and 2016, showing the existence of a gap between the rhetoric of the window of opportunity for the city as whole, the result of having acquired these events, and the heavily selective nature of their possible positive impacts.

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Social impacts, prons and cons of hosting mega sporting events, focusing on a global south city: Rio de Janeiro

TERRITORIO ◽

10.3280/tr2013-064004 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 19-27

Author(s):

Giuliana Costa

Keyword(s):

Rio De Janeiro ◽

Economic Effects ◽

Sporting Events ◽

World Cup ◽

Geographical Structure ◽

Social Forms ◽

Complex Events ◽

Global Arena ◽

The City ◽

Critical Aspects

The organisation and hosting of major events, whether cultural, political, sports, economic or social, forms part of a broader strategy adopted by cities to compete in the global arena and to attract capital and investments and to boost tourism and at the same time to address their economic and social problems. This paper reviews the sociological, economic and planning literature in order to discuss to what extent these complex events represent an opportunity to stimulate the economies of cities and to transform their socio-economic and geographical structure. It does this by analysing the most critical aspects of the changes and redevelopment carried out in Rio de Janeiro to host the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Olympics. The analysis focuses on the negative social and economic effects which these events are already having on the city.

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The Impact of Atmosphere in the City on Subjective Well-Being of Rio de Janeiro Residents During (vs. Before) the 2014 FIFA World Cup

Journal of Sport Management ◽

10.1123/jsm.2017-0108 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 31 (6) ◽

pp. 605-619 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Andrea Schlegel ◽

Rebecca Pfitzner ◽

Joerg Koenigstorfer

Keyword(s):

Rio De Janeiro ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Well Being ◽

Subjective Well Being ◽

Path Modeling ◽

World Cup ◽

Fifa World Cup ◽

Time Period ◽

The Impact ◽

The City

This study looks at the hosting of the 2014 Fédération Internationale de Football Association World Cup in Rio de Janeiro and, based on research drawing on environmental psychology and studies of liminality, hypothesizes that the perceived celebrative atmosphere in the city increases subjective well-being of host city residents (cariocas). Data were collected via in-person intercept surveys from 221 and 218 cariocas before and during the event, respectively. There was an increase in subjective well-being from before the event to during the event. The results of two-group path modeling revealed further that there was a positive impact of the perceived celebrative atmosphere in the host city on residents’ subjective well-being during the event; the effect was weaker (though still positive) for the time period when the event was not being hosted. Initiatives may build upon the atmospheric elements in a city to increase subjective well-being of residents, particularly in the context of event hosting.

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No Right to Share the City: Being Homeless in Rio de Janeiro during the FIFA World Cup

Human Geography ◽

10.1177/194277861901200204 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 51-63 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Eva Kassens-Noor ◽

Joshua Ladd

Keyword(s):

Rio De Janeiro ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

World Cup ◽

Public Places ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Conflict Zones ◽

Fifa World Cup ◽

New Codes ◽

Mega Event ◽

The City

To stage a successful mega-event, hosts believe they must present their city as safe and clean. Thus, policy-makers create and enforce spatial rules to hide the homeless from public view. Spatial conflicts peak when the homeless use public places selected for mega-event staging. We analyze these space conflicts from the perspective of the homeless before and during the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Rio de Janeiro. We propose a framework of clean streets policies that are regularly used based on a spectrum of high- to low-conflict zones. Furthermore, we contribute to current knowledge suggesting there are invisible spatial barriers in no-conflict zones that violently enable new codes of behaviors for and among the homeless.

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Adjudicating sartorial elegance from the court – the sumptuary impulse in the law of modern sports sponsorship against ambush marketing

Queen Mary Journal of Intellectual Property ◽

10.4337/qmjip.2020.01.03 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 62-86

Author(s):

Chen Wei Zhu

Keyword(s):

Intellectual Property ◽

Olympic Games ◽

Sporting Events ◽

World Cup ◽

Fifa World Cup ◽

Absolute Property ◽

Ambush Marketing ◽

Thing In Itself ◽

Visual Order ◽

Law Making

Ambush marketing, sometimes also known as guerrilla marketing, comprises attempts to create an unauthorized association with mega-sporting events (such as the Olympic Games and the FIFA World Cup) without obtaining official sponsorship agreements. This article contends that the contemporary law of sports sponsorships against ambush marketing harbours a palpable but much-neglected sumptuary impulse, which has never before been adequately scrutinized. It shows that pre-modern sumptuary law strangely resonates with modern anti-ambush law's sumptuary obsession with the visual order of symbols and images as prestige signifiers. It also reveals an ongoing ‘intellectual property’ turn in the recent development of sumptuary anti-ambush law-making, whose ambition is to reify sports-derived sumptuary distinction into a thing-in-itself for nearly absolute ‘property’ protection. My argument is illustrated by a carefully selected number of ambush disputes including Australian Olympic Committee (AOC) v Telstra, which represents the latest development in this field of law.

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Spaces of Mega Sporting Events versus Public Spaces. Qatar 2022 World Cup and the City of Doha

The Journal of Public Space ◽

10.32891/jps.v4i2.1204 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 57-80

Author(s):

Simona Azzali

Keyword(s):

Public Spaces ◽

Arab Country ◽

Sustainable Growth ◽

Capital City ◽

Sporting Events ◽

World Cup ◽

Fifa World Cup ◽

Under Construction ◽

Short Time ◽

The City

In the last decades, many emerging countries have been staging mega sporting events more and more frequently. Among those nations, Qatar stands out for being the first Arab country to host a FIFA World Cup. With the rationale of diversifying its economy and promoting itself as a tourist destination, Doha, its capital city, has recently staged many international events and is literally under construction, undergoing important changes in terms of transportation, infrastructure, and sports facilities. While hosting cities and organising committees often promote the supposed benefits of a mega event, experience shows an opposite trend: outcomes from staging major events are mostly harmful, and their effects are planned to last only for a short time. When it comes to sporting events sites, stadiums, and their precincts, they usually become under-used and very costly to maintain in a very short time, and their precincts are completely abandoned. What will be the destiny of the 2022 World Cup stadiums and infrastructure? How can this event be leveraged as a momentum of experimentation and sustainable growth of its capital city, Doha? Is it possible to transform the Cup’s stadiums and precincts into liveable, enjoyable and well-integrated public spaces and neighbourhoods? This work focuses on the city of Doha, which hosted the 2006 Asian Games and will host the 2022 FIFA World Cup and aims to identify strategies to plan and maximise the post-event use of event sites and venues, more specifically stadiums, to generate more liveable and sustainable public spaces. The article investigates Doha’s public spaces, and analyses the government’s legacy plans for the 2022 World Cup, with a specific focus on stadiums and their precincts. The research aims to be a warning to future hosting cities and presents a series of suggestions on how to best leverage the stage of mega sporting events to promote healthy and liveable public spaces.

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Challenges and key factors in planning legacies of mega sporting events

International Journal of Architectural Research Archnet-IJAR ◽

10.1108/arch-04-2019-0093 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 203-218 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Simona Azzali

Keyword(s):

Best Practices ◽

Rio De Janeiro ◽

Sporting Events ◽

World Cup ◽

Open Spaces ◽

Fifa World Cup ◽

Content Type ◽

Mega Events ◽

The Impact

Purpose Since the 1960s, the impact of mega sporting events on the built environment has become increasingly important, and the relationship between hosting cities and events increasingly complex and controversial. The outcomes of these mega-events, however, are very discouraging, especially in terms of the state of sports venues and event sites. In many cases, Olympic parks and event sites stand abandoned once the event is over, and sports facilities are often either closed or underutilized. The purpose of this paper is to identify replicable best practices and successful examples used in mega-events to transform events sites and venues into livable public open spaces (POS), enjoyed by the local communities. Design/methodology/approach Three cities were selected for this investigation: London, Sochi and Rio de Janeiro. London hosted the 2012 Summer Olympics, and this study focused particularly on its Olympic park, Queen Elizabeth Park. Sochi hosted the 2014 Winter Olympics but also some of the matches of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Rio de Janeiro hosted the 2016 Summer Olympics and also a part of the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Each case was investigated according to a methodology composed of interviews with experts, site visits, and analysis of the bidding book and post-event reports to check the consistency between promises and legacies. Findings The research identified a framework of six major elements that determine, or contrast, the long-term use of events sites and sport facilities, and highlighted some main attributes to consider in order to transform sporting event sites into livable and enjoyable open spaces. It is expected that this framework can be used as a guidance to deliver sustainable events and long-term legacies and to define a strategy for optimization of planning mega sport events. Practical implications Mega events provide near-unique, fast track opportunities for urban transformation. This research can be used as guidance for the overall mega sporting events stakeholders, such as the IOC, FIFA, and local organizing committees, to identify replicable best practices and successful examples in the leverage of mega events to transform events sites and venues into livable POS. Originality/value Why is it so difficult to transform event sites and sport venues into livable areas of cities? What are the recurrent mistakes, issues, and challenges that hosting cities have to face? This research is unique as it aims at answering these questions by defining a framework of relevant factors for hosting cities to help them in the planning of mega sporting events. The research also highlighted some recurrent mistakes, such as the exorbitant costs of a mega event, the inability to keep the initial budget unchanged and the difficulty to adjust plans to local needs.

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The international tourism effect of hosting the Olympic Games and the FIFA World Cup

Tourism Economics ◽

10.1177/1354816618814329 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 25 (7) ◽

pp. 1009-1028 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Christopher Vierhaus

Keyword(s):

International Trade ◽

Olympic Games ◽

International Tourism ◽

Sporting Events ◽

World Cup ◽

Fifa World Cup ◽

Country Level ◽

International Tourist ◽

Term Basis ◽

The Impact

This study analyzes whether hosting mega-sporting events is a useful marketing platform for countries to promote international tourism on a longer term basis. Our model adopts the gravity equation of international trade to bilateral international tourist arrivals. We find a country-level tourism effect only for the Summer Olympic Games. Hosting increases international tourist arrivals significantly in the 8 years before, during, and in the 20 years after the event. In contrast, hosting the FIFA World Cup is overall ineffective in tourism promotion despite higher tourist arrivals in the event year. We attribute these differences in international tourism legacy to the level of strategic planning in promoting tourism, the impact of media on the broadcasting audience, and the participating countries.

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Major Sporting Events and National Identification

Communication & Sport ◽

10.1177/2167479517733447 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (5) ◽

pp. 605-626 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Michael Mutz ◽

Markus Gerke

Keyword(s):

Positive Emotions ◽

Olympic Games ◽

Nation State ◽

Sporting Events ◽

World Cup ◽

Emotional Involvement ◽

Fifa World Cup ◽

National Identification ◽

The Media ◽

Highly Involved

Research suggests that major sporting events can affect identification with the nation-state. Complementing previous research, it is argued in this article that identification with the national in-group should be enhanced especially among emotionally involved spectators. Emotional involvement, however, can be induced by the sport itself but also by an emotionalized framing of the events by the media. Two studies are presented which test these claims: In Study #1, it is shown that a single, victorious Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) World Cup match suffices to increase national identification among emotionally highly involved subjects, whereas no effects are revealed for individuals with lower emotional involvement. In Study #2, participants reported higher levels of national identification and associated Germany with more positive emotions and values after watching a highly emotional and patriotic broadcast of a kayak competition from the 2016 Summer Olympic Games compared to individuals who had watched the same competition with a factual and neutral commentary. It is concluded from both studies that emotional involvement is a key mechanism through which higher levels of national identification are produced in the realm of sport.

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