scholarly journals Is There a Temporal Relationship between COVID-19 Infections among Prison Staff, Incarcerated Persons and the Larger Community in the United States?

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 6873
Author(s):  
Danielle Wallace ◽  
John M. Eason ◽  
Jason Walker ◽  
Sherry Towers ◽  
Tony H. Grubesic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Temporal Relationship ◽  
The United States ◽  
Prison Staff ◽  
Federal Prisons ◽  
Strong Conclusion ◽  
Federal Bureau Of Prisons ◽  
The Us ◽  
Using Data

Background: Our objective was to examine the temporal relationship between COVID-19 infections among prison staff, incarcerated individuals, and the general population in the county where the prison is located among federal prisons in the United States. Methods: We employed population-standardized regressions with fixed effects for prisons to predict the number of active cases of COVID-19 among incarcerated persons using data from the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) for the months of March to December in 2020 for 63 prisons. Results: There is a significant relationship between the COVID-19 prevalence among staff, and through them, the larger community, and COVID-19 prevalence among incarcerated persons in the US federal prison system. When staff rates are low or at zero, COVID-19 incidence in the larger community continues to have an association with COVID-19 prevalence among incarcerated persons, suggesting possible pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic transmission by staff. Masking policies slightly reduced COVID-19 prevalence among incarcerated persons, though the association between infections among staff, the community, and incarcerated persons remained significant and strong. Conclusion: The relationship between COVID-19 infections among staff and incarcerated persons shows that staff is vital to infection control, and correctional administrators should also focus infection containment efforts on staff, in addition to incarcerated persons.

Prison Education in the United States of America

2021 ◽  
pp. 1108-1118
Author(s):  
Uju C. Ukwuoma
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Prison Population ◽  
The United States ◽  
Prison Education ◽  
Complete Evaluation ◽  
Learning And Teaching ◽  
Federal Prisons ◽  
The Us ◽  
State Prisons

The United States of America ranks third among the most populous countries in the world behind India and China. However, the US ranks first among countries with the most prison population. Recent statistics from the Office of Justice program in the US Department of Justice show that about 2.5 million people are locked up in prisons or the so-called correctional facilities across the United States. These facilities are made up of nearly 2000 state prisons scattered among the 50 states, 102 federal prisons, about 2300 and 3300 juvenile prisons and local jails respectively, including 79 Indian Country jails (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2016; Wagner & Rabuy, 2015). This chapter looks at the state of prison education in the US through the prism of racism. However, the chapter does not claim to have a complete evaluation of the situation of learning and teaching in penitentiaries in the US.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Pediatric and Adult Populations: Recent Estimates From Large National Databases in the United States, 2007–2016

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yizhou Ye ◽  
Sudhakar Manne ◽  
William R Treem ◽  
Dimitri Bennett
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
The United States ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
The Us ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
National Databases

Abstract Background The latest estimate of the prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in the United States was based on 2009 data, which indicates a need for an up-to-date re-estimation. The objectives of this study were to investigate the prevalence of all forms of IBD including ulcerative colitis (UC), Crohn’s disease (CD), and IBD unspecified (IBDU). Methods Pediatric (age 2–17) and adult (age ≥18) IBD patients were identified from 2 large claims databases. For each year between 2007 and 2016, prevalence was calculated per 100,000 population and standardized based on the 2016 national Census. A fixed-effects meta-analytical model was used for overall prevalence. Results The pediatric prevalence of IBD overall increased by 133%, from 33.0/100,000 in 2007 to 77.0/100,000 in 2016. Among children, CD was twice as prevalent as UC (45.9 vs 21.6). Prevalence was higher in boys than girls for all forms of IBD, in contrast to the adult population where the prevalence was higher in women than men. We also found that the 10–17 age subgroup was the major contributor to the rising pediatric IBD prevalence. For adults, the prevalence of IBD overall increased by 123%, from 214.9 in 2007 to 478.4 in 2016. The prevalence rates of UC and CD were similar (181.1 vs 197.7) in 2016. Conclusions Inflammatory bowel disease continues to affect a substantial proportion of the US population. In 2016, 1 in 209 adults and 1 in 1299 children aged 2–17 were affected by IBD. Prevalence of IBD has been increasing compared with previously published 2009 data.

scholarly journals Home hours in the United States and Europe

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Fang ◽  
Cara McDaniel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
The United States ◽  
European Countries ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Using Data

AbstractUsing data from the Multinational Time Use Study, this paper documents the trend and level of time allocation, with a focus on home hours, for the US and European countries. Three patterns emerge. First, home hours per person have declined in both the US and European countries over the past 50 years. Second, female time allocation contributes more to the difference in time allocation per person between the US and European countries than does male time allocation. Third, the time allocation between the US and European countries is more similar for prime-age individuals than for young and old individuals.

Prison Education in the United States of America

2018 ◽  
pp. 121-135
Author(s):  
Uju C. Ukwuoma
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Prison Population ◽  
The United States ◽  
Prison Education ◽  
Complete Evaluation ◽  
Learning And Teaching ◽  
Federal Prisons ◽  
The Us ◽  
State Prisons

The United States of America ranks third among the most populous countries in the world behind India and China. However, the US ranks first among countries with the most prison population. Recent statistics from the Office of Justice program in the US Department of Justice show that about 2.5 million people are locked up in prisons or the so-called correctional facilities across the United States. These facilities are made up of nearly 2000 state prisons scattered among the 50 states, 102 federal prisons, about 2300 and 3300 juvenile prisons and local jails respectively, including 79 Indian Country jails (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2016; Wagner & Rabuy, 2015). This chapter looks at the state of prison education in the US through the prism of racism. However, the chapter does not claim to have a complete evaluation of the situation of learning and teaching in penitentiaries in the US.

Changing Industry Preferences in the United States

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret E. Peters
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Technology Adoption ◽  
Textile Industry ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Competition ◽  
Trade Associations ◽  
Us Congress ◽  
The Us ◽  
Using Data

This chapter examines firms' willingness to support low-skill immigration by focusing on changing industry preferences in the United States. In particular, it considers preferences and lobbying on low-skill immigration by different sectors using data on which sectors testify before the US Congress on immigration and data on their lobbying behavior. The chapter first provides an overview of low-skill immigration policy in the United States before discussing the preferences of three different industries by looking at their trade associations: textile industry, steel industry, and agriculture. It analyzes how the willingness of these industries to lobby on low-skill immigration has changed with trade openness, international competition, firm mobility, productivity and technology adoption.

A Realignment of the Catholic Church in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-275
Author(s):  
Jonathon L. Wiggins ◽  
Mary L. Gautier ◽  
Thomas P. Gaunt
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
The United States ◽  
Faith Communities ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Us ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Us Census ◽  
The Catholic Church

The official, parish-identified, Catholic population in the United States over the past forty years (1980 to 2019) has grown 40 percent, from about 48 million to over 67 million. Such a hearty rate of growth might lead one to assume that the Catholic population is increasing across all parts of the country. This growth, however, has been anything but uniform. From 1980 to the present, the Catholic population in some US Census regions—mostly in the South and in the West of the country—has experienced a boom, while in others—mostly in the Northeast and Midwest—it has experienced a bust. In this article, the growth or decline in the number of Catholics in each of the four US Census regions is explored, using data from the 2020 Faith Communities Today survey as well as data submitted by Catholic dioceses. These analyses give a more nuanced portrait of the Catholic Church in the United States, shedding light on both the challenges and opportunities the US Catholic Church is experiencing in 2021.

Forever Prisoners

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elliott Young
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Federal Bureau Of Investigation ◽  
Federal Prisons ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Detention Facilities

The United States locks up more than half a million non-citizens every year for immigration-related offenses; on any given day, more than 50,000 immigrants are held in detention in hundreds of ICE detention facilities spread across the country. This book provides an explanation of how, where, and why non-citizens were put behind bars in the United States from the late nineteenth century to the present. Through select granular experiences of detention over the course of more than 140 years, this book explains how America built the world’s largest system for imprisoning immigrants. From the late nineteenth century, when the US government held hundreds of Chinese in federal prisons pending deportation, to the early twentieth century, when it caged hundreds of thousands of immigrants in insane asylums, to World Wars I and II, when the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) declared tens of thousands of foreigners “enemy aliens” and locked them up in Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) camps in Texas and New Mexico, and through the 1980s detention of over 125,000 Cuban and almost 23,000 Haitian refugees, the incarceration of foreigners nationally has ebbed and flowed. In the last three decades, tough-on-crime laws intersected with harsh immigration policies to make millions of immigrants vulnerable to deportation based on criminal acts, even minor ones, that had been committed years or decades earlier. Although far more immigrants are being held in prison today than at any other time in US history, earlier moments of immigrant incarceration echo present-day patterns.

scholarly journals Elections, Ideology, and Turnover in the US Federal Government

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Bolton ◽  
John M de Figueiredo ◽  
David E Lewis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Career Decisions ◽  
Organizational Capacity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Senior Executives ◽  
Federal Employees ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Federal Government ◽  
Using Data

Abstract A defining feature of public sector employment in the United States is the regular change in elected leadership. We describe how these changes alter policy and disrupt civil servants’ influence over agency decisions, potentially shaping their career choices. Using data on careers from over three million federal employees in the United States from 1988 to 2011, we evaluate how administration changes influence turnover in a series of regression analyses. We find substantial stability in the civil service but also some pockets of responsiveness to political factors, particularly among career senior executives in agencies with views divergent from the president’s. A combination of factors, including transitions, policy priorities, and ideological differences, could increase turnover propensity for these employees by nearly one-third in some agencies over an administration’s first term. This has implications for understanding possible mechanisms linking politics and organizational capacity and for understanding how and for whom politics is influential in career decisions.

Perspectives pour la paix mondiale à une époque de turbulence : Les États-Unis et les crises internationales

2005 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-90
Author(s):  
Patrick James ◽  
Athanasios Hristoulas
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International System ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Politics ◽  
External Factors ◽  
World War ◽  
International Crises ◽  
International Crisis ◽  
The Us ◽  
Using Data

Recent events in world politics raise Fundamental doubts about the reasons behind conflict, crisis and war. What, for example, causes a state to become involved in an international crisis ? In an attempt to answer that question, the present study focuses on the experiences of a leading member of the international System over a sustained period of time, specifically, the United States in the post-World War 11 era. Ultimately, in order to develop a more comprehensive explanation of activity by the United States in international crises, this investigation combines external factors with others from within the state. Following a brief review of the research program on conflict linkage, internal attributes with potential relevance to involvement by states in crises are identified. External influences on foreign policy, consistent with the tradition of realpolitik, also are specified. These elements then are combined in a model of conflict linkage. Using data pertaining both the US as a polity and an actor in the international System, propositions derived from the model are tested in the crisis domain. The study concludes with some recommendations for further research on the linkage of domestic and foreign conflict, with particular reference to the explanation of crises.

scholarly journals Young Women In The United States Increasingly Underestimate Their Weight, and Young Women In Korea Overestimate It

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoon-Sook Kim ◽  
Jin Kook Kim ◽  
Jae Hoon Cho
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Body Image ◽  
Young Women ◽  
The United States ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Image Perception ◽  
Body Image Perception ◽  
The Us ◽  
Normal Body Weight ◽  
Using Data

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in body image perception between young women in the United States and Korea. The study was conducted using data from young women aged between 20 and 40 who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999–2018) of the US and Korea. "Overweight" body image perception with normal body weight was considered underestimation. Overweight or obesity with a "normal weight" or "underweight" body image perception is considered as overestimating. The percentage of young women who were overweight or obese was about 60% in the US and about 20% in Korea. Twenty years ago, the percentage of young women who overestimated their weight in the US was 30.3%, before steadily declining. In Korea, it was 25.8% before rising to more than 41.9% in 2008. Of the overweight women, 32.6% in the US and 15.7% in Korea underestimated their weight 20 years ago, but since then, the percentage has gradually increased in the US and declined in Korea. Body image perception differed according to marital status and race. In conclusion, young women in the US tend to underestimate their weight while in Korea they tend to overestimate it.

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