scholarly journals Monetizing the Burden of Childhood Asthma Due to Traffic Related Air Pollution in the Contiguous United States in 2010

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (15) ◽  
pp. 7864
Author(s):  
Minaal Farrukh ◽  
Haneen Khreis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Childhood Asthma ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Cost Calculation ◽  
Cost Burden ◽  
Incident Cases

Background: Traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) refers to the wide range of air pollutants emitted by traffic that are dispersed into the ambient air. Emerging evidence shows that TRAP can increase asthma incidence in children. Living with asthma can carry a huge financial burden for individuals and families due to direct and indirect medical expenses, which can include costs of hospitalization, medical visits, medication, missed school days, and loss of wages from missed workdays for caregivers. Objective: The objective of this paper is to estimate the economic impact of childhood asthma incident cases attributable to nitrogen dioxide (NO2), a common traffic-related air pollutant in urban areas, in the United States at the state level. Methods: We calculate the direct and indirect costs of childhood asthma incident cases attributable to NO2 using previously published burden of disease estimates and per person asthma cost estimates. By multiplying the per person indirect and direct costs for each state with the NO2-attributable asthma incident cases in each state, we were able to estimate the total cost of childhood asthma cases attributable to NO2 in the United States. Results: The cost calculation estimates the total direct and indirect annual cost of childhood asthma cases attributable to NO2 in the year 2010 to be $178,900,138.989 (95% CI: $101,019,728.20–$256,980,126.65). The state with the highest cost burden is California with $24,501,859.84 (95% CI: $10,020,182.62–$38,982,261.250), and the state with the lowest cost burden is Montana with $88,880.12 (95% CI: $33,491.06–$144,269.18). Conclusion: This study estimates the annual costs of childhood asthma incident cases attributable to NO2 and demonstrates the importance of conducting economic impacts studies of TRAP. It is important for policy-making institutions to focus on this problem by advocating and supporting more studies on TRAP’s impact on the national economy and health, including these economic impact estimates in the decision-making process, and devising mitigation strategies to reduce TRAP and the population’s exposure.

scholarly journals Contiguous United States wildland fire emission estimates during 2003–2015

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn P. Urbanski ◽  
Matt C. Reeves ◽  
Rachel Corley ◽  
Robin Silverstein ◽  
Wei Min Hao
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Emission Inventory ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Burned Area ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Fuel Loading

Abstract. Wildfires are a major source of air pollutants in the United States. Wildfire smoke can trigger severe pollution episodes with substantial impacts on public health. In addition to acute episodes, wildfires can have a marginal effect on air quality at significant distances from the source presenting significant challenges to air regulators’ efforts to meet National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Improved emission estimates are needed to quantify the contribution of wildfires to air pollution and thereby inform decision making activities related to the control and regulation of anthropogenic air pollution sources. To address the need of air regulators and land managers for improved wildfire emission estimates we developed the Missoula Fire Lab Emission Inventory (MFLEI), a retrospective, daily wildfire emission inventory for the contiguous United States (CONUS). MFLEI was produced using multiple datasets of fire activity and burned area, a newly developed wildland fuels map and an updated emission factor database. Daily burned area is based on a combination of Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity (MTBS) data, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) burned area and active fire detection products, incident fire perimeters, and a spatial wildfire occurrence database. The fuel type classification map is a merger of a national forest type map, produced by the USDA Forest Service (USFS) Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program and the Geospatial Technology and Applications Center (GTAC), with a shrub and grassland vegetation map developed by the USFS Missoula Forestry Sciences Laboratory. Forest fuel loading is from a fuel classification developed from a large set (> 26 000 sites) of FIA surface fuel measurements. Herbaceous fuel loading is estimated using site specific parameters with normalized differenced vegetation index from MODIS. Shrub fuel loading is quantified by applying numerous allometric equations linking stand structure and composition to biomass and fuels, with the structure and composition data derived from geospatial data layers of the LANDFIRE Project. MFLEI provides estimates of CONUS daily wildfire burned area, fuel consumption, and pollutant emissions at a 250 m × 250 m resolution for 2003–2015. A spatially aggregated emission product (10 km × 10 km, 1 d) with uncertainty estimates is included to provide a representation of emission uncertainties at a spatial scale pertinent to air quality modelling. MFLEI will be updated, with recent years, as the MTBS burned area product becomes available. The data associated with this article can be found at https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2017-0039.

Outdoor air pollution and childhood asthma in the United States

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. A16-A16
Author(s):  
Cd Johnson ◽  
Lj Akinbanni ◽  
Ad Kyle ◽  
T Woodruff ◽  
Jd Parker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Childhood Asthma ◽  
The United States ◽  
Outdoor Air ◽  
Outdoor Air Pollution

scholarly journals Contiguous United States wildland fire emission estimates during 2003–2015

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 2241-2274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn P. Urbanski ◽  
Matt C. Reeves ◽  
Rachel E. Corley ◽  
Robin P. Silverstein ◽  
Wei Min Hao
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Emission Inventory ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Burned Area ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Fuel Loading

Abstract. Wildfires are a major source of air pollutants in the United States. Wildfire smoke can trigger severe pollution episodes with substantial impacts on public health. In addition to acute episodes, wildfires can have a marginal effect on air quality at significant distances from the source, presenting significant challenges to air regulators' efforts to meet National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Improved emission estimates are needed to quantify the contribution of wildfires to air pollution and thereby inform decision-making activities related to the control and regulation of anthropogenic air pollution sources. To address the need of air regulators and land managers for improved wildfire emission estimates, we developed the Missoula Fire Lab Emission Inventory (MFLEI), a retrospective, daily wildfire emission inventory for the contiguous United States (CONUS). MFLEI was produced using multiple datasets of fire activity and burned area, a newly developed wildland fuels map and an updated emission factor database. Daily burned area is based on a combination of Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity (MTBS) data, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) burned area and active fire detection products, incident fire perimeters, and a spatial wildfire occurrence database. The fuel type classification map is a merger of a national forest type map, produced by the USDA Forest Service (USFS) Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program and the Geospatial Technology and Applications Center (GTAC), with a shrub and grassland vegetation map developed by the USFS Missoula Forestry Sciences Laboratory. Forest fuel loading is from a fuel classification developed from a large set (> 26 000 sites) of FIA surface fuel measurements. Herbaceous fuel loading is estimated using site-specific parameters with the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index from MODIS. Shrub fuel loading is quantified by applying numerous allometric equations linking stand structure and composition to biomass and fuels, with the structure and composition data derived from geospatial data layers of the LANDFIRE project. MFLEI provides estimates of CONUS daily wildfire burned area, fuel consumption, and pollutant emissions at a 250 m × 250 m resolution for 2003–2015. A spatially aggregated emission product (10 km × 10 km, 1 day) with uncertainty estimates is included to provide a representation of emission uncertainties at a spatial scale pertinent to air quality modeling. MFLEI will be updated, with recent years, as the MTBS burned area product becomes available. The data associated with this article can be found at https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2017-0039 (Urbanski et al., 2017).

scholarly journals The Association of Ambient Air Pollution and Physical Inactivity in the United States

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. e90143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer D. Roberts ◽  
Jameson D. Voss ◽  
Brandon Knight
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution

scholarly journals Counterfactual time series analysis of short-term change in air pollution following the COVID-19 state of emergency in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanujit Dey ◽  
Pooja Tyagi ◽  
M. Benjamin Sabath ◽  
Leila Kamareddine ◽  
Lucas Henneman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
State Level ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Mobile Source ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
Series Analysis

AbstractLockdown measures implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic produced sudden behavioral changes. We implement counterfactual time series analysis based on seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average models (SARIMA), to examine the extent of air pollution reduction attained following state-level emergency declarations. We also investigate whether these reductions occurred everywhere in the US, and the local factors (geography, population density, and sources of emission) that drove them. Following state-level emergency declarations, we found evidence of a statistically significant decrease in nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels in 34 of the 36 states and in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) levels in 16 of the 48 states that were investigated. The lockdown produced a decrease of up to 3.4 µg/m3 in PM2.5 (observed in California) with range (− 2.3, 3.4) and up to 11.6 ppb in NO2 (observed in Nevada) with range (− 0.6, 11.6). The state of emergency was declared at different dates for different states, therefore the period "before" the state of emergency in our analysis ranged from 8 to 10 weeks and the corresponding "after" period ranged from 8 to 6 weeks. These changes in PM2.5 and NO2 represent a substantial fraction of the annual mean National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) of 12 µg/m3 and 53 ppb, respectively. As expected, we also found evidence that states with a higher percentage of mobile source emissions (obtained from 2014) experienced a greater decline in NO2 levels after the lockdown. Although the socioeconomic restrictions are not sustainable, our results provide a benchmark to estimate the extent of achievable air pollution reductions. Identification of factors contributing to pollutant reduction can help guide state-level policies to sustainably reduce air pollution.

Outdoor air pollution and childhood asthma in the United States

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. A16-A16
Author(s):  
Cd Johnson ◽  
Lj Akinbanni ◽  
Ad Kyle ◽  
T Woodruff ◽  
Jd Parker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Childhood Asthma ◽  
The United States ◽  
Outdoor Air ◽  
Outdoor Air Pollution

The Economic Impact of Andean Cocaine Traffic on Florida

1990 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 137-160
Author(s):  
Robert Grosse
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Additional Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Economic Issues ◽  
The Social

This study is intended to establish a framework for analyzing the economic impact of narcotraffic between Colombia, where most of the world's cocaine is refined, and the State of Florida, which is the primary area of entry for Andean cocaine into the United States. The purpose of the study is to analyze the economic costs and benefits of this activity to Florida, as an example that could be extended in both directions — to Colombia and to the entire United States—if additional data were to become available. Only the trade in cocaine is examined, though additional traffic in marijuana does take place and, in some cases, the data are not disaggregated for each drug. Only the economic impact is studied, though the trade obviously impacts the social and political realms as well. Because the tools of analysis are quite different among the disciplines, and because the economic issues need to be sorted out in any discussion of the overall impact of the cocaine trade, only economic issues are treated here.

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