scholarly journals Comparison of Levels of Three Tobacco Smoke Exposure Biomarkers in Children of Smokers

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (22) ◽  
pp. 11803
Author(s):  
E. Melinda Mahabee-Gittens ◽  
Georg E. Matt ◽  
Lili Ding ◽  
Ashley L. Merianos
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Smoke Exposure ◽  
Tobacco Smoke Exposure ◽  
Smoking Bans ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Exposure Biomarkers ◽  
Lower Education ◽  
Pearson Correlations

Objectives: Cotinine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), and N-oxides are biomarkers of tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) used to assess short- and longer-term TSE. The objective of this study was to assess the associations between these TSE biomarkers, sociodemographics, parental smoking, and child TSE patterns among 0–17-year-olds. Methods: A convenience sample of 179 pediatric patients (mean (SD) age = 7.9 (4.3) years) who lived with ≥1 smoker and who had parental assessments completed and urine samples analyzed for the three TSE biomarkers of interest were included. Biomarker levels were log-transformed, univariate regression models were built and Pearson correlations were assessed. Results: In total, 100% of children had detectable levels of cotinine and >96% had detectable NNAL and N-oxide levels. The geometric means of cotinine, NNAL, and N-oxide levels were 10.1 ng/mL, 25.3 pg/mL, and 22.9 pg/mL, respectively. The mean (SD) number of daily cigarettes smoked by parents was 10.6 (6.0) cigarettes. Child age negatively correlated with urinary cotinine (r = −0.202, p = 0.007) and log NNAL levels (r = −0.275, p < 0.001). The highest log-cotinine levels were in children who were younger, of African American race, and whose parents had a lower education, an annual income ≤USD15,000, and no smoking bans. The highest log-NNAL and N-oxide levels were in children whose parents had a lower education, had no smoking bans, and were around higher numbers of cigarettes. Conclusion: Children of smokers who were younger, African American, and had no smoking bans had the highest TSE biomarker levels. Targeted interventions are needed to reduce TSE levels among high-risk children.

scholarly journals Risk Assessment of Passive Smoking Based on Analysis of Hair Nicotine and Cotinine as Exposure Biomarkers by In-Tube Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled On-Line to LC-MS/MS

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (23) ◽  
pp. 7356
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Kataoka ◽  
Sanae Kaji ◽  
Maki Moai
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Passive Smoking ◽  
Solid Phase Microextraction ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Smoke Exposure ◽  
Tobacco Smoke Exposure ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Exposure Biomarkers ◽  
On Line

Passive smoking due to environmental tobacco smoke is a serious public health concern because it increases the risk of lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. However, the current status and effect of passive smoking in various lifestyles are not fully understood. In this study, we measured hair nicotine and cotinine levels as exposure biomarkers in non-smokers and assessed the risk from the actual situation of passive smoking in different lifestyle environments. Nicotine and cotinine contents in hair samples of 110 non-smoker subjects were measured by in-tube solid-phase microextraction with on-line coupling to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and self-reported lifestyle questionnaires were completed by the subjects. Nicotine and cotinine were detected at concentrations of 1.38 ng mg−1 and 12.8 pg mg−1 respectively in the hair of non-smokers, with levels significantly higher in subjects who reported being sensitive to tobacco smoke exposure. These levels were also affected by type of food intake and cooking method. Nicotine and cotinine in hair are useful biomarkers for assessing the effects of passive smoking on long-term exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, and our analytical methods can measure these exposure levels in people who are unaware of passive smoking. The results of this study suggest that the environment and places of tobacco smoke exposure and the lifestyle behaviors therein are important for the health effects of passive smoking.

scholarly journals Home Smoking Bans and Urinary NNAL Levels to Measure Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Chinese American Household Pairs

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (14) ◽  
pp. 7682
Author(s):  
Emiley Chang ◽  
Melanie Dove ◽  
Anne Saw ◽  
Janice Y. Tsoh ◽  
Lei-Chun Fung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Chinese American ◽  
Smoke Exposure ◽  
Tobacco Smoke Exposure ◽  
Smoking Ban ◽  
Smoking Bans ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Home Smoking Ban ◽  
American Household

Home smoking bans can reduce tobacco smoke exposure, but little is known about the impact for Chinese American household pairs. In this study of 202 household pairs with low acculturation, 53.9% reported a home smoking ban, 31.7% had inconsistent reports, and 14.4% reported no ban. With decreasing home smoking ban enforcement, more nonsmokers had tobacco smoke exposure (66.1%–86.2%) as measured by the tobacco-specific nitrosamine biomarker urine NNAL (4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol). Despite reported bans, about one-quarter of nonsmokers still reported tobacco smoke exposure at home (23.6%–30%) within the past 2 months and three-quarters reported outdoor exposure. In adjusted regression analyses of geometric mean NNAL ratios, nonsmokers in households with no ban had over two times higher levels than nonsmokers in households with a ban: adjusted log NNAL ratio = 2.70 (95% CI 1.21, 6.03). Higher smoker NNAL level and nonsmoker English fluency were also significantly associated with nonsmoker NNAL levels. Nonsmoker levels in households with an inconsistent ban were not significantly different compared to those with a ban. Although home smoking bans were generally associated with lower NNAL levels, tobacco smoke exposure in this immigrant population with low English proficiency was higher than that of the general population. From a health equity standpoint, there is a need for broader implementation and enforcement of comprehensive smoke-free policies.

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