scholarly journals The Spatial Concentration and Dispersion of Homicide during a Period of Homicide Increase in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 529
Author(s):  
Spencer P. Chainey ◽  
Franklin Epiphanio Gomes de Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Dispersion ◽  
Spatial Concentration ◽  
Crime Concentration ◽  
Cumulative Proportion ◽  
Effective Programs

This study applies the principles of measuring micro-place crime concentration and the spatial dispersion of crime increase to the geographic unit of cities in Brazil. We identify that a small number of cities account for a large cumulative proportion of homicides, and that during a period of homicide increase 30 cities out of 5570 accounted for the equivalent national increase in homicides. The majority of the 30 cities were not established high homicide cities but instead were new emerging centers of homicide that neighbor high homicide cities. We suggest the findings can be used to better target effective programs for decreasing homicides.

Spatial concentration of manufacturing industries in the United States: re-examination of long-run trends

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Crafts ◽  
Alexander Klein
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Dispersion ◽  
Industrial Structure ◽  
The United States ◽  
Manufacturing Industries ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Spatial Concentration ◽  
Geographical Concentration ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Shape Pattern ◽  
Over Time

Abstract We re-examine the long-run geographical development of US manufacturing industries using recent advances in spatial concentration measures. We construct spatially weighted indices of the geographical concentration between 1880 and 2007 taking into account industrial structure and checkerboard problem. New results emerge. Average spatial concentration was much lower in the late 20th than in the late 19th century, and it was the outcome of a continuing reduction over time. Spatial concentration did not increase in the early 20th century but declined, and we find no inverted-U shape pattern of long-run spatial concentration. The persistent tendency to greater spatial dispersion was characteristic of most industries.

scholarly journals Spatial dispersion and the concentration of buildings in an urban agglomeration – a typology proposal for the Warsaw Metropolitan Area

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 81-96
Author(s):  
Paweł Sudra
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Spatial Dispersion ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Urban Agglomeration ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Spatial Concentration ◽  
Main Determinants

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the state of dispersion and concentration of buildings in the Warsaw urban agglomeration. In particular, a goal was defined to develop a typology of basic administrative units due to the level and characteristics of the spatial concentration of buildings. The study was conducted based on the municipalities (urban, urban-rural and rural) of the Warsaw Metropolitan Area (delimitation of the Warsaw urban agglomeration used for the strategic and planning purposes) and districts of the capital city of Poland. Data on buildings was obtained from the topographic objects database. The share of buildings in total, as well as single-family and multi-family housing objects, was taken into account (these two categories were assumed to be the main determinants of suburbanization). Two methods were used to analyze their distribution: the density quotient factor, and the average nearest neighbour method. The spatial arrangement of buildings covers a wide spectrum of types, determined by combinations of both extreme and intermediate values of two dimensions of spatial concentration – the density of objects and the degree of their spatial dispersion (level of regularity, randomization, or clustering in their distribution). The typology allows us to indicate units for which similarly oriented spatial policy should be applied. The method of construction of the developed typology may be useful for application to research in other areas.

scholarly journals Spatial Concentration of Opioid Overdose Deaths in Indianapolis: An Application of the Law of Crime Concentration at Place to a Public Health Epidemic

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy G. Carter ◽  
George Mohler ◽  
Bradley Ray
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Opioid Overdose ◽  
Spatial Concentration ◽  
Crime Concentration ◽  
Concentration Estimation ◽  
Law Of Crime Concentration ◽  
Recent Method ◽  
The Law ◽  
Opioid Deaths ◽  
Evidence Based Policing

The law of crime concentration at place has become a criminological axiom and the foundation for one of the strongest evidence-based policing strategies to date. Using longitudinal data from three sources, emergency medical service calls, death toxicology reports from the Marion County (Indiana) Coroner’s Office, and police crime data, we provide four unique contributions to this literature. First, this study provides the first spatial concentration estimation of opioid-related deaths. Second, our findings support the spatial concentration of opioid deaths and the feasibility of this approach for public health incidents often outside the purview of traditional policing. Third, we find that opioid overdose death hot spots spatially overlap with areas of concentrated violence. Finally, we apply a recent method, corrected Gini coefficient, to best specify low- N incident concentrations and propose a novel method for improving upon a shortcoming of this approach. Implications for research and interventions are discussed.

BIREFRINGENGE INDUCED BY SPATIAL DISPERSION IN ALKALI HALIDES

1985 ◽  
Vol 46 (C7) ◽  
pp. C7-475-C7-478
Author(s):  
C. López ◽  
C. Zaldo ◽  
F. Meseguer
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Dispersion ◽  
Alkali Halides

Principal component analysis of substituent constants

1990 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Drahomír Hnyk
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Inductive Effect ◽  
Resonance Effect ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Total Variance ◽  
Data Matrix ◽  
Cumulative Proportion ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Substituent Constants

The principal component analysis has been applied to a data matrix formed by 7 usual substituent constants for 38 substituents. Three factors are able to explain 99.4% cumulative proportion of total variance. Several rotations have been carried out for the first two factors in order to obtain their physical meaning. The first factor is related to the resonance effect, whereas the second one expresses the inductive effect, and both together describe 97.5% cumulative proportion of total variance. Their mutual orthogonality does not directly follow from the rotations carried out. With the help of these factors the substituents are divided into four main classes, and some of them assume a special position.

Harness Technology for Social Good

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Cosner Berzin ◽  
Claudia J. Coulton
Keyword(s):  
Digital Technology ◽  
Human Services ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Social Spending ◽  
Social Good ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Effective Programs

Innovative applications of new digital technology present opportunities for social and human services to reach more people with greater impact on our most vexing social problems. These new technologies can be deployed to more strategically target social spending, speed up the development of effective programs, and bring a wider array of help to more individuals and communities.

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