scholarly journals Does Income Inequality Explain the Geography of Residential Burglaries? The Case of Belo Horizonte, Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Criminological Theory ◽  
Independent Effect ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Average Household Income ◽  
Local Exposure ◽  
Residential Burglaries ◽  
Belo Horizonte ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between crime and income inequality is a complex and controversial issue. While there is some consensus that a relationship exists, the nature of it is still the subject of much debate. In this paper, this relationship is investigated in the context of urban geography and whether income inequality can explain the geography of crime within cities. This question is examined for the specific case of residential burglaries in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil, where I tested how much burglary rates are affected by local average household income and by local exposure to poverty, while I controlled for other variables relevant to criminological theory, such as land-use type, density and accessibility. Different scales were considered for testing the effect of exposure to poverty. This study reveals that, in Belo Horizonte, the rate of burglaries per single family house is significantly and positively related to income level, but a higher exposure to poverty has no significant independent effect on these rates at any scale tested. The rate of burglaries per apartment, on the other hand, is not significantly affected by either average household income or exposure to poverty. These results seem consistent with a description where burglaries follow a geographical distribution based on opportunity, rather than being a product of localized income disparity and higher exposure between different economic groups.

scholarly journals INEQUALITY AND WELFARE OF THE DISPLACED HOUSEHOLDS DUE TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF KOTO PANJANG DAM

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Fery Andrianus ◽  
Syafruddin Karimi ◽  
Werry Darta Taifur ◽  
Endrizal Ridwan
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Gini Index ◽  
Economic Condition ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Household Welfare ◽  
Average Household Income ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Resettlement Programs

Displacement due to the construction of the Koto Panjang dam has an impact on household welfare. The displaced households experienced a very poor economic condition at the beginning of the displacement period. This study seeks answers to two questions: how the current welfare of the households is and how the relationship between welfare and income inequality of those households is. The study was conducted on 12 villages which are the locations of involuntary resettlement programs with a total sample of 360 households. The study used Gini index to measure income inequality and Subjective Welfare Indicator to compare household welfare. The results showed that in general, the average household income in Koto Panjang was higher than the Provincial Minimum Wage, but it was not evenly distributed in all villages. The result also showed a negative relationship between welfare and income inequality, but it cannot be used for further analysis because the correlation value is very low.

scholarly journals Assortative Mating, Income Inequality, and Place

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Avril Macfarlane
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Assortative Mating ◽  
Household Income ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Educational Assortative Mating ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
The Relationship

<p>There is a growing concern internationally about levels of income inequality, and the negative effect this has on the functioning of societies both in terms of productivity and social harmony. An unexpected contributor to inequality is assortative mating - the phenomenon of “like marrying like”. Educational attainment is highly correlated with income; when two highly educated people partner and form a household they are more likely to appear at the top of the household income distribution, while couples with only primary or incomplete secondary education appear at the bottom. Therefore the greater the propensity to mate assortatively the more unequal the distribution of household income becomes.   I ask two questions of the relationship between educational assortative mating and household income inequality. Firstly, how do countries (in Europe) differ in their degree of educational assortative mating? Secondly, what is the evidence that such differences are reflected in indicators of household income inequality?   My study differs from the prevailing approaches to this question by taking a geographical approach. Instead of comparing a single country over time and monitoring the correspondence between assortative mating and income inequality, I compare a wide range of countries, using a uniform instrument, at one point in time. In order to do so I draw on the unit records of 29 countries from the European Social Survey administered in 2012.   From these unit record data I have been able to identify two important patterns. Firstly, there is a clear presence of educational assortative mating in each country. However, the degree differs and it does so primarily as a reflection of the overall level of education in the country. Rising levels of education lower the returns for education, in turn making assortative mating comparatively less attractive. As a result, the level of assortative mating, compared to what would be expected under random conditions, is lower in highly educated nations. The lowered level of assortative mating in highly educated nations reduces the barriers to social mobility through marriage for those without university educations. Consequently, household income inequality is seen to be intrinsically related to assortative mating, although the outcomes can be mitigated by redistribution policies.</p>

scholarly journals Assortative Mating, Income Inequality, and Place

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Avril Macfarlane
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Assortative Mating ◽  
Household Income ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Educational Assortative Mating ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
The Relationship

<p>There is a growing concern internationally about levels of income inequality, and the negative effect this has on the functioning of societies both in terms of productivity and social harmony. An unexpected contributor to inequality is assortative mating - the phenomenon of “like marrying like”. Educational attainment is highly correlated with income; when two highly educated people partner and form a household they are more likely to appear at the top of the household income distribution, while couples with only primary or incomplete secondary education appear at the bottom. Therefore the greater the propensity to mate assortatively the more unequal the distribution of household income becomes.   I ask two questions of the relationship between educational assortative mating and household income inequality. Firstly, how do countries (in Europe) differ in their degree of educational assortative mating? Secondly, what is the evidence that such differences are reflected in indicators of household income inequality?   My study differs from the prevailing approaches to this question by taking a geographical approach. Instead of comparing a single country over time and monitoring the correspondence between assortative mating and income inequality, I compare a wide range of countries, using a uniform instrument, at one point in time. In order to do so I draw on the unit records of 29 countries from the European Social Survey administered in 2012.   From these unit record data I have been able to identify two important patterns. Firstly, there is a clear presence of educational assortative mating in each country. However, the degree differs and it does so primarily as a reflection of the overall level of education in the country. Rising levels of education lower the returns for education, in turn making assortative mating comparatively less attractive. As a result, the level of assortative mating, compared to what would be expected under random conditions, is lower in highly educated nations. The lowered level of assortative mating in highly educated nations reduces the barriers to social mobility through marriage for those without university educations. Consequently, household income inequality is seen to be intrinsically related to assortative mating, although the outcomes can be mitigated by redistribution policies.</p>

scholarly journals PARTISIPASI PETANI DALAM PROGRAM PENGEMBANGAN USAHA AGRIBISNIS PEDESAAN (PUAP) DI KECAMATAN ADILUWIH KABUPATEN PRINGSEWU

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 296
Author(s):  
Rika ES Sitompul ◽  
Kordiyana K Rangga ◽  
Begem Viantimala
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Cultivated Land ◽  
Spearman Correlation ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Average Household Income ◽  
Spearman Correlation Test ◽  
The Relationship

The objectives of this research are to know the participation of farmers in PUAP program, factors related to farmers’ participation in PUAP program, and farmers’ income. This research was conducted in Bandung Baru Village of Adiluwih District, Pringsewu Regency. The sampling used was proportional random sampling with total of 81 farmers. The research was conducted in October - December 2016. The research method is a survey. The relationship between the variables was tested using Rank Spearman correlation test. The results showed that farmers' participation in the PUAP program was quite active, factors related to farmers’ participation were age, education level, length of farming experience, and cultivated land area.  Average household income of farmers in Bandung Baru Village Adiluwih District Pringsewu Regency each year is Rp67.633.851. Key words: income, participation, PUAP program

Does Land Use Matter? Understanding Homicide Counts Beyond the Effects of Social Disorganization

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 311-332
Author(s):  
Alana R. Inlow
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Social Disorganization ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Criminological Theory ◽  
Neighborhood Characteristics ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Mixed Use ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Binomial Models

This study assesses the relationship between land use, measured as percent zoning designation per square kilometer in a census tract, and homicide counts in Portland, Oregon, while controlling for other neighborhood characteristics. Negative binomial models are implemented to account for the overdispersed homicide count indicator. Results suggest that some land use variables—specifically, mixed-use residential (positive association) and single-family residential (negative association)—have significant predictive value for homicide counts beyond neighborhood characteristics and socioeconomic variables deemed important by criminological theory and research.

scholarly journals The Correlation between HPV Vaccination Rate and Income Inequality

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 19-27
Author(s):  
Zhifei Xie
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Gini Index ◽  
Hpv Vaccination ◽  
Vaccination Rate ◽  
National Immunization ◽  
Gender Education ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The U.S

According to the 2018 National Immunization Survey - Teen (NIS-Teen), the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination coverage in the U.S. increased from 48.6% to 51.1%.[1] Certain factors contribute to disparity between teenagers receiving HPV vaccination.[1]The factors are geography, race, gender, education level, household income, and etc. Within these factors, household income and income inequality were chosen to be the focus of this study. The relationship between HPV vaccination coverage in the U.S., the household income of interviewed individuals, and the Gini index in the U.S. have been studied in RStudio [2]. By merging the NIS-Teen data of vaccination rate and Gini index data in RStudio, charts and graphs are formed to illustrate the relationship between HPV vaccination rate and income inequality. There seem to be limited correlations between vaccination rate and Gini index, but unexpected connections between vaccination rate and household income have been found.

Intergenerational Economic Mobility and the Racial Wealth Gap

2021 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 206-210
Author(s):  
Jermaine Toney ◽  
Cassandra L. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Racial Wealth Gap ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Wealth Gap ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

A growing body of research documents the importance of wealth and the racial wealth gap in perpetuating inequality across generations. We examine the impact of wealth on child income. Our two-stage least squares regressions reveal that grandparental wealth has an important effect on the younger generation's stock, which in turn affects the younger generation's household income. We further explore the relationship between income and wealth by decomposing the child's income by race. We find that the intergroup disparity in income is mainly attributable to differences in family background. These findings indicate that wealth is an important source of income inequality.

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