scholarly journals Earthquake Risk Assessment for Tehran, Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 430
Author(s):  
Farnaz Kamranzad ◽  
Hossein Memarian ◽  
Mehdi Zare
Keyword(s):  
Population Distribution ◽  
Probabilistic Approach ◽  
Active Faults ◽  
Earthquake Hazard ◽  
Earthquake Risk ◽  
Vulnerability Factors ◽  
Surface Rupture ◽  
Hazard Exposure ◽  
Vulnerability Maps ◽  
Earthquake Risk Assessment

The megacity of Tehran, the capital of Iran, is subjected to a high earthquake risk. Located at the central part of the Alpine–Himalayan seismic belt, Tehran is surrounded by several active faults that show some M7+ historical earthquake records. The high seismic hazard in combination with a dense population distribution and several vulnerability factors mean Tehran is one of the top 20 worldwide megacities at a high earthquake risk. This article aims to prepare an assessment of the present-day earthquake risk in Tehran. First, the earthquake risk components including hazard, exposure, and vulnerability are evaluated based on some accessible GIS-based datasets (e.g., seismicity, geology, active faults, population distribution, land use, urban fabric, buildings’ height and occupancy, structure types, and ages, as well as the vicinity to some critical infrastructures). Then, earthquake hazard maps in terms of PGA are prepared using a probabilistic approach as well as a surface rupture width map. Exposure and vulnerability maps are also provided deterministically in terms of population density and hybrid physical vulnerability, respectively. Finally, all these components are combined in a spatial framework and an earthquake risk map is provided for Tehran.

A probabilistic approach for earthquake risk assessment based on an engineering insurance portfolio

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 1559-1571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Ko Hsu ◽  
Wei-Ling Chiang ◽  
Qiang Xue ◽  
Dung-Mou Hung ◽  
Pei-Chun Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Probabilistic Approach ◽  
Earthquake Risk ◽  
Insurance Portfolio ◽  
Engineering Insurance ◽  
Earthquake Risk Assessment

scholarly journals Life on the Wellington Fault: Managing Geological Collections and Earthquake Risk

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. e26230
Author(s):  
Delia Strong ◽  
Marianna Terezow
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Earth Science ◽  
Active Faults ◽  
Earthquake Hazard ◽  
Return Time ◽  
Disaster Mitigation ◽  
Earthquake Risk ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
Reference Collection

GNS Science is home to New Zealand’s national rock, mineral and fossil collections. The National Petrology Reference Collection (NPRC) is a ‘nationally significant’ collection of rocks and minerals from on- and off-shore New Zealand, Antarctica and the rest of the world. The National Paleontological Collection (NPC) is another nationally significant collection; of fossil material from New Zealand, the South West Pacific region and Antarctica, with some overseas additions. Their status as nationally significant collections mean that GNS Science is contracted by the New Zealand Government to provide long-term collection management. Collectively, the NPC and NPRC constitute more than 200,000 samples, dating from the earliest days of New Zealand geology exploration in the late 1800s. The collections continue to grow by hundreds to thousands of samples per year, and are loaned nationally and internationally for scientific research. They are by far the largest collections of fossils, rocks and minerals housed in New Zealand, and are important earth science archives for the entire Zealandian Southern Ocean region. The collections are housed on-site at GNS Science in Lower Hutt, a few hundred meters from the surface trace of the Wellington Fault and within striking distance of other active faults that could generate major earthquakes. Best estimates suggest that the Wellington Region has an average return time of about 150 years for very strong or extreme ground shaking. Such proximity to this significant, active hazard means that steps must be taken to ensure the long-term security and integrity of the collections in the event of earthquake shaking, as well as other natural and non-natural disasters. To that end, the collection managers have written and implemented disaster mitigation, preparedness and recovery plans for the National Petrology Reference Collection and National Paleontological Collection. Here we define the earthquake hazard posed by the Wellington Fault, assess the risk to the collections, and present steps taken to manage that risk.

Slip Rate Estimation of the Lembang Fault West Java from Geodetic Observation

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irwan Meilano ◽  
◽  
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin ◽  
Heri Andreas ◽  
Irwan Gumilar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Faults ◽  
Slip Rate ◽  
Earthquake Risk ◽  
West Java ◽  
Australian Plate ◽  
Sunda Arc ◽  
Southern Border ◽  
Subducting Plate ◽  
Fault Locking ◽  
Earthquake Risk Assessment

The Sunda arc forms the southern border of the Indonesia Archipelago, where the Indo-Australian plate is subducted beneath Eurasia. The age of subducting plate increases from Sumatra in the west to Flores in the east. The increase in age is consistent with an increase in plate dip along the arc and an increasing depth of seismic activity. The motion of Australia with respect to West Java is 68 mm/yr in a direction N11E orthogonal to the trench. A number of active faults characterizing this area include Cimandiri fault, Lembang fault and Baribis fault. This research uses campaign and continues GPS data to make a preliminary estimation of the slip rate of Lembang fault. Our GPS measurements suggest that Lembang fault has shallow creeping and deeper locking portion. The estimated slip rate is 6 mm/yr with fault locking at 3-15 km and shallow creeping with the same rate. While the results are preliminary and we need more data for reliable estimations, we point out that these data can contribute to earthquake risk assessment by constraining earthquake recurrence relationships.

scholarly journals Earthquake Risk Assessment from Insurance Perspective

2021 ◽  
pp. 111-154
Author(s):  
M. Erdik
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Earthquake Hazard ◽  
Earthquake Risk ◽  
Intensity Measures ◽  
Spatially Correlated ◽  
Hazard Characterization ◽  
Insurance Perspective ◽  
Earthquake Loss ◽  
Earthquake Risk Assessment

AbstractThe assessment of earthquake and risk to a portfolio, in urban or regional scale, constitutes an important element in the mitigation of economic and social losses due to earthquakes, planning of immediate post-earthquake actions as well as for the development of earthquake insurance schemes. Earthquake loss and risk assessment methodologies consider and combine three main elements: earthquake hazard, fragility/vulnerability of assets and the inventory of assets exposed to hazard. Challenges exist in the characterization of the earthquake hazard as well as in the determination of the fragilities/vulnerabilities of the physical and social elements exposed to the hazard. The simulation of the spatially correlated fields of ground motion using empirical models of correlation between intensity measures is an important tool for hazard characterization. The uncertainties involved in these elements and especially the correlation in these uncertainties, are important to obtain the bounds of the expected risks and losses. This paper looks at the current practices in regional and urban earthquake risk assessment, discusses current issues and provides illustrative applications from Istanbul and Turkey.

Criteria for Surface Rupture Microzonation of Active Faults for Earthquake Hazards in Urban Areas

2018 ◽  
pp. 187-230
Author(s):  
Hasan Sözbilir ◽  
Çağlar Özkaymak ◽  
Bora Uzel ◽  
Ökmen Sümer
Keyword(s):  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Active Faults ◽  
Earthquake Hazard ◽  
Disaster Mitigation ◽  
Rupture Zone ◽  
Earthquake Hazards ◽  
Surface Rupture ◽  
Earthquake Hazard Assessment ◽  
Earthquake Effects

Formation of surface rupture zone along active faults buried directly beneath major cities create devastating earthquakes that seriously threaten the safety of human lives. Surface rupture microzonation (SRM) is the generic name for subdividing a region into individual areas having different potentials hazardous earthquake effects, defining their specific seismic behavior for engineering design and land-use planning in case a large devastating earthquake strikes the region. The basis of SRM is to model the rupture zone at the epicenter of an earthquake, and thus develop a hazard-avoid map indicating the vulnerability of the area to potential seismic hazard. Earthquake hazard assessment of active faults in urban areas are thus an important systematic engineering for disaster mitigation in major cities.

Buildings Setbacks Research From Surface-Fault-Rupture Statistical Analysis

2012 ◽  
Vol 204-208 ◽  
pp. 2410-2418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Yi Zhang ◽  
Jing Shan Bo ◽  
Guo Dong Xu ◽  
Jing Yi Huang
Keyword(s):  
Fault Location ◽  
Active Fault ◽  
Active Faults ◽  
Damage Index ◽  
Earthquake Hazard ◽  
Hazard Evaluation ◽  
Fault Rupture ◽  
Surface Rupture ◽  
Wenchuan Ms8.0 Earthquake ◽  
Evaluation Project

With the author and others scientific investigation on China Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake, China Yushu Ms7.1 earthquake and "China's active fault surveying and earthquake hazard evaluation project" relevant data results and the world requirements about project setback of active faults, etc., this paper concluded that: (1) width of Surface-Fault-Rupture is about 40m by statistics, or from the main surface rupture trace about 20m; (2) width of Surface-Fault-Rupture S and the fault vertical offset V, statistical diagrams and formulas S=8.72+9.01V; (3) Setback of the main surface trace D and buildings from damage index I, statistical diagrams and formulas I=0.7969-0.00231D; (4) based on the first three results and by the actual statistics of accuracy, we get three active fault location accuracy level of the standard i, ii, iii, respectively, the error is ± 5m, ± 25m, ± 60m, also, can give this level of standards of Surface-Fault-Rupture width to the actual engineering applications.

Hysteresis effect on earthquake risk assessment of moment resisting frame structures

2021 ◽  
Vol 242 ◽  
pp. 112532
Author(s):  
Zhenhua Huang ◽  
Liping Cai ◽  
Yashica Pandey ◽  
Yong Tao ◽  
William Telone
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Hysteresis Effect ◽  
Frame Structures ◽  
Earthquake Risk ◽  
Moment Resisting Frame ◽  
Moment Resisting ◽  
Earthquake Risk Assessment

scholarly journals Surface-Rupturing Historical Earthquakes in Australia and Their Environmental Effects: New Insights from Re-Analyses of Observational Data

Geosciences ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 408 ◽  
Author(s):  
King ◽  
Quigley ◽  
Clark
Keyword(s):  
Observational Data ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Active Faults ◽  
Magnetic Data ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Surface Rupture ◽  
Secondary Fracture ◽  
Geological Evidence ◽  
Surface Ruptures ◽  
Strong Control

We digitize surface rupture maps and compile observational data from 67 publications on ten of eleven historical, surface-rupturing earthquakes in Australia in order to analyze the prevailing characteristics of surface ruptures and other environmental effects in this crystalline basement-dominated intraplate environment. The studied earthquakes occurred between 1968 and 2018, and range in moment magnitude (Mw) from 4.7 to 6.6. All earthquakes involved co-seismic reverse faulting (with varying amounts of strike-slip) on single or multiple (1–6) discrete faults of ≥ 1 km length that are distinguished by orientation and kinematic criteria. Nine of ten earthquakes have surface-rupturing fault orientations that align with prevailing linear anomalies in geophysical (gravity and magnetic) data and bedrock structure (foliations and/or quartz veins and/or intrusive boundaries and/or pre-existing faults), indicating strong control of inherited crustal structure on contemporary faulting. Rupture kinematics are consistent with horizontal shortening driven by regional trajectories of horizontal compressive stress. The lack of precision in seismological data prohibits the assessment of whether surface ruptures project to hypocentral locations via contiguous, planar principal slip zones or whether rupture segmentation occurs between seismogenic depths and the surface. Rupture centroids of 1–4 km in depth indicate predominantly shallow seismic moment release. No studied earthquakes have unambiguous geological evidence for preceding surface-rupturing earthquakes on the same faults and five earthquakes contain evidence of absence of preceding ruptures since the late Pleistocene, collectively highlighting the challenge of using mapped active faults to predict future seismic hazards. Estimated maximum fault slip rates are 0.2–9.1 m Myr-1 with at least one order of uncertainty. New estimates for rupture length, fault dip, and coseismic net slip can be used to improve future iterations of earthquake magnitude—source size—displacement scaling equations. Observed environmental effects include primary surface rupture, secondary fracture/cracks, fissures, rock falls, ground-water anomalies, vegetation damage, sand-blows / liquefaction, displaced rock fragments, and holes from collapsible soil failure, at maximum estimated epicentral distances ranging from 0 to ~250 km. ESI-07 intensity-scale estimates range by ± 3 classes in each earthquake, depending on the effect considered. Comparing Mw-ESI relationships across geologically diverse environments is a fruitful avenue for future research.

scholarly journals Communicating earthquake risk: mapped parameters and cartographic representation

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Gaspar-Escribano ◽  
T. Iturrioz
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Risk Information ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Earthquake Risk ◽  
Graphical Representations ◽  
Related Risk ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Earthquake Effects ◽  
Earthquake Risk Assessment

Abstract. Earthquake risk assessment is probably the most effective tool for reducing adverse earthquake effects and for developing pre- and post-event planning actions. The related risk information (data and results) is of interest for persons with different backgrounds and interests, including scientists, emergency planners, decision makers and other stakeholders. Hence, it is important to ensure that this information is properly transferred to all persons involved in seismic risk, considering the nature of the information and the particular circumstances of the source and of the receiver of the information. Some experience-based recommendations about the parameters and the graphical representations that can be used to portray earthquake risk information to different types of audiences are presented in this work.

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