scholarly journals Epigenetic Regulation in Etiology of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Cerna
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Autoimmune Diabetes ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Autoimmune Destruction ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Short Time

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is caused by an autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic β-cells, a process in which autoreactive T cells play a pivotal role, and it is characterized by islet autoantibodies. Consequent hyperglycemia is requiring lifelong insulin replacement therapy. T1DM is caused by the interaction of multiple environmental and genetic factors. The integrations of environments and genes occur via epigenetic regulations of the genome, which allow adaptation of organism to changing life conditions by alternation of gene expression. T1DM has increased several-fold over the past half century. Such a short time indicates involvement of environment factors and excludes genetic changes. This review summarizes the most current knowledge of epigenetic changes in that process leading to autoimmune diabetes mellitus.

Type I Diabetes Mellitus

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph I. Wolfsdorf ◽  
Katharine Garvey
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Diabetic Ketoacidosis ◽  
Autoimmune Diabetes ◽  
Type I ◽  
Insulin Deficiency ◽  
Glucose Levels

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by severe insulin deficiency, making patients dependent on exogenous insulin replacement for survival. These patients can experience life-threatening events when their glucose levels are significantly abnormal. Type 1 diabetes accounts for 5 to 10% of all diabetes cases, with type 2 accounting for most of the remainder. This review details the pathophysiology, stabilization and assessment, diagnosis and treatment, disposition and outcomes of patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Figures show the opposing actions of insulin and glucagon on substrate flow and plasma levels; plasma glucose, insulin and C-peptide levels throughout the day; the structure of human proinsulin; current view of the pathogenesis of Type 1 autoimmune diabetes mellitus; pathways that lead from insulin deficiency to the major clinical manifestations of Type 1 diabetes mellitus; relationship between hemoglobin A1c values at the end of a 3-month period and calculated average glucose levels during the 3-month period; different combinations of various insulin preparations used to establish glycemic control; and basal-bolus and insulin pump regimens. Tables list the etiologic classification of Type 1 diabetes mellitus, typical laboratory findings and monitoring in diabetic ketoacidosis, criteria for the diagnosis of Type 1 diabetes, clinical goals of Type 1 diabetes treatment, and insulin preparations. This review contains 10 figures, 9 tables, and 40 references. Keywords: Type 1 diabetes mellitus, optimal glycemic control, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, HbA1c, medical nutrition therapy, Diabetic Ketoacidosis

scholarly journals Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Associated Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Case Series, Review of the Literature, and Optimal Management

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 897-909 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Kapke ◽  
Zachary Shaheen ◽  
Deepak Kilari ◽  
Paul Knudson ◽  
Stuart Wong
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Autoimmune Diabetes ◽  
Human Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Programmed Death ◽  
Autoimmune Diabetes Mellitus

With the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors into clinical practice, various autoimmune toxicities have been described. Antibodies targeting the receptor:ligand pairing of programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) and its cognate ligand programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in rare reports have been associated with autoimmune diabetes mellitus. We report 2 cases of rapid-onset, insulin-dependent, type 1 diabetes mellitus in the setting of administration of nivolumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody to PD-1, and atezolizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody to PD-L1. This appears to be the first report of autoimmune diabetes mellitus associated with atezolizumab. In addition, we provide a brief review of similar cases reported in the literature and a discussion of potential mechanisms for this phenomenon and propose a diagnostic and treatment algorithm.

Differences in the genetic background of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) and type 1 diabetes mellitus

2002 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ágnes Vatay ◽  
Katalin Rajczy ◽  
Éva Pozsonyi ◽  
Nóra Hosszúfalusi ◽  
Zoltán Prohászka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Genetic Background ◽  
Autoimmune Diabetes ◽  
Latent Autoimmune Diabetes

scholarly journals The role of interferon induced with helicase C domain 1 (IFIH1) in the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus

2013 ◽  
Vol 57 (9) ◽  
pp. 667-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Paula Bouças ◽  
Fernanda dos Santos de Oliveira ◽  
Luis Henrique Canani ◽  
Daisy Crispim
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Metabolic Decompensation ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Autoimmune Destruction ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Rna And Dna

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic, progressive, autoimmune disease characterized by metabolic decompensation frequently leading to dehydration and ketoacidosis. Viral pathogens seem to play a major role in triggering the autoimmune destruction that leads to the development of T1DM. Among several viral strains investigated so far, enteroviruses have been consistently associated with T1DM in humans. One of the mediators of viral damage is the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) generated during replication and transcription of viral RNA and DNA. The IFIH1 gene encodes a cytoplasmic receptor of the pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) family that recognizes dsRNA, playing a role in the innate immune response triggered by viral infection. Binding of dsRNA to this PRR triggers the release of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interferons (IFNs), which exhibit potent antiviral activity, protecting uninfected cells and inducing apoptosis of infected cells. The IFIH1 gene appears to play a major role in the development of some autoimmune diseases, and it is, therefore, a candidate gene for T1DM. Within this context, the objective of the present review was to address the role of IFIH1 in the development of T1DM.

scholarly journals Autoimmune thyroid disease and type 1 diabetes mellitus: same pathogenesis; new perspective?

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 204201882095832
Author(s):  
Liyan Li ◽  
Shudong Liu ◽  
Junxia Yu
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Thyroid Disease ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid Disease ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Tyrosine Phosphatase ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid

Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) are two common autoimmune diseases that can occur concomitantly. In general, patients with diabetes have a high risk of AITD. It has been proposed that a complex genetic basis together with multiple nongenetic factors make a variable contribution to the pathogenesis of T1DM and AITD. In this paper, we summarize current knowledge in the field regarding potential pathogenic factors of T1DM and AITD, including human leukocyte antigen, autoimmune regulator, lymphoid protein tyrosine phosphatase, forkhead box protein P3, cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen, infection, vitamin D deficiency, and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand. These findings offer an insight into future immunotherapy for autoimmune diseases.

scholarly journals Slowly Progressive Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Current Knowledge And Future Perspectives

2019 ◽  
Vol Volume 12 ◽  
pp. 2461-2477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akihiro Nishimura ◽  
Kimio Matsumura ◽  
Shota Kikuno ◽  
Kaoru Nagasawa ◽  
Minoru Okubo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Progressive Type
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