scholarly journals Growth Factors in the Carotid Body—An Update

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (19) ◽  
pp. 7267
Author(s):  
Elena Stocco ◽  
Silvia Barbon ◽  
Cinzia Tortorella ◽  
Veronica Macchi ◽  
Raffaele De Caro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Carotid Body ◽  
Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type I Cells ◽  
Factor Α ◽  
I Cells

The carotid body may undergo plasticity changes during development/ageing and in response to environmental (hypoxia and hyperoxia), metabolic, and inflammatory stimuli. The different cell types of the carotid body express a wide series of growth factors and corresponding receptors, which play a role in the modulation of carotid body function and plasticity. In particular, type I cells express nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin 3, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor, insulin-like-growth factor-I and -II, basic fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-α and -β, interleukin-1β and -6, tumor necrosis factor-α, vascular endothelial growth factor, and endothelin-1. Many specific growth factor receptors have been identified in type I cells, indicating autocrine/paracrine effects. Type II cells may also produce growth factors and express corresponding receptors. Future research will have to consider growth factors in further experimental models of cardiovascular, metabolic, and inflammatory diseases and in human (normal and pathologic) samples. From a methodological point of view, microarray and/or proteomic approaches would permit contemporary analyses of large groups of growth factors. The eventual identification of physical interactions between receptors of different growth factors and/or neuromodulators could also add insights regarding functional interactions between different trophic mechanisms.

scholarly journals Utilizing the ABC Transporter for Growth Factor Production by fleQ Deletion Mutant of Pseudomonas fluorescens

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 679
Author(s):  
Benedict-Uy Fabia ◽  
Joshua Bingwa ◽  
Jiyeon Park ◽  
Nguyen-Mihn Hieu ◽  
Jung-Hoon Ahn
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Pseudomonas Fluorescens ◽  
Abc Transporter ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Beta ◽  
Deletion Mutant ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Gene Knockout ◽  
Type I ◽  
Double Deletion

Pseudomonas fluorescens, a gram-negative bacterium, has been proven to be a capable protein manufacturing factory (PMF). Utilizing its ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, a type I secretion system, P. fluorescens has successfully produced recombinant proteins. However, besides the target proteins, P. fluorescens also secretes unnecessary background proteins that complicate protein purification and other downstream processes. One of the background proteins produced in large amounts is FliC, a flagellin protein. In this study, the master regulator of flagella gene expression, fleQ, was deleted from P. fluorescens Δtp, a lipase and protease double-deletion mutant, via targeted gene knockout. FleQ directs flagella synthesis, so the new strain, P. fluorescens ΔfleQ, does not produce flagella-related proteins. This not only simplifies purification but also makes P. fluorescens ΔfleQ an eco-friendly expression host because it will not survive outside a controlled environment. Six recombinant growth factors, namely, insulin-like growth factors I and II, beta-nerve growth factor, fibroblast growth factor 1, transforming growth factor beta, and tumor necrosis factor beta, prepared using our supercharging method, were successfully secreted by P. fluorescens ΔfleQ. Our findings demonstrate the potential of P. fluorescens ΔfleQ, combined with our supercharging process, as a PMF.

Characteristics of carotid body chemosensitivity in NADPH oxidase-deficient mice

2002 ◽  
Vol 282 (1) ◽  
pp. C27-C33 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. He ◽  
J. Chen ◽  
B. Dinger ◽  
K. Sanders ◽  
K. Sundar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tyrosine Hydroxylase ◽  
Nadph Oxidase ◽  
Carotid Body ◽  
Gene Knockout ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type I Cells ◽  
Carotid Bodies ◽  
Marker Antigen ◽  
I Cells

Various heme-containing proteins have been proposed as primary molecular O2 sensors for hypoxia-sensitive type I cells in the mammalian carotid body. One set of data in particular supports the involvement of a cytochrome b NADPH oxidase that is commonly found in neutrophils. Subunits of this enzyme have been immunocytochemically localized in type I cells, and diphenyleneiodonium, an inhibitor of the oxidase, increases carotid body chemoreceptor activity. The present study evaluated immunocytochemical and functional properties of carotid bodies from normal mice and from mice with a disrupted gp91 phagocytic oxidase (gp91 phox ) DNA sequence gene knockout (KO), a gene that codes for a subunit of the neutrophilic form of NADPH oxidase. Immunostaining for tyrosine hydroxylase, a signature marker antigen for type I cells, was found in groups or lobules of cells displaying morphological features typical of the O2-sensitive cells in other species, and the incidence of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunopositive cells was similar in carotid bodies from both strains of mice. Studies of whole cell K+currents also revealed identical current-voltage relationships and current depression by hypoxia in type I cells dissociated from normal vs. KO animals. Likewise, hypoxia-evoked increases in intracellular Ca2+ concentration were not significantly different for normal and KO type I cells. The whole organ response to hypoxia was evaluated in recordings of carotid sinus nerve activity in vitro. In these experiments, responses elicited by hypoxia and by the classic chemoreceptor stimulant nicotine were also indistinguishable in normal vs. KO preparations. Our data demonstrate that carotid body function remains intact after sequence disruption of the gp91 phox gene. These findings are not in accord with the hypothesis that the phagocytic form of NADPH oxidase acts as a primary O2 sensor in arterial chemoreception.

scholarly journals Immunohistochemical Characteristics of the Human Carotid Body in the Antenatal and Postnatal Periods of Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 8222
Author(s):  
Dmitry Otlyga ◽  
Ekaterina Tsvetkova ◽  
Olga Junemann ◽  
Sergey Saveliev
Keyword(s):  
Tyrosine Hydroxylase ◽  
Carotid Body ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Individual Development ◽  
Endocrine Function ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type I Cells ◽  
Carotid Bodies ◽  
I Cells ◽  
Human Carotid

The evolutionary and ontogenetic development of the carotid body is still understudied. Research aimed at studying the comparative morphology of the organ at different periods in the individual development of various animal species should play a crucial role in understanding the physiology of the carotid body. However, despite more than two centuries of study, the human carotid body remains poorly understood. There are many knowledge gaps in particular related to the antenatal development of this structure. The aim of our work is to study the morphological and immunohistochemical characteristics of the human carotid body in the antenatal and postnatal periods of development. We investigated the human carotid bodies from 1 embryo, 20 fetuses and 13 adults of different ages using samples obtained at autopsy. Immunohistochemistry revealed expression of βIII-tubulin and tyrosine hydroxylase in the type I cells and nerve fibers at all periods of ontogenesis; synaptophysin and PGP9.5 in the type I cells in some of the antenatal cases and all of the postnatal cases; 200 kDa neurofilaments in nerve fibers in some of the antenatal cases and all of the postnatal cases; and GFAP and S100 in the type II cells and Schwann cells in some of the antenatal cases and all of the postnatal cases. A high level of tyrosine hydroxylase in the type I cells was a distinctive feature of the antenatal carotid bodies. On the contrary, in the type I cells of adults, the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase was significantly lower. Our data suggest that the human carotid body may perform an endocrine function in the antenatal period, while in the postnatal period of development, it loses this function and becomes a chemosensory organ.

Concentrations of Blood Components in Commercial Platelet-Rich Plasma Separation Systems: A Review of the Literature

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 479-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart W. Oudelaar ◽  
Joost C. Peerbooms ◽  
Rianne Huis in ‘t Veld ◽  
Anne J.H. Vochteloo
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β1 ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cochrane Central Register ◽  
Blood Components ◽  
Separation Systems

Background: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has proven to be a very safe therapeutic option in the treatment of tendon, muscle, bone, and cartilage injuries. Currently, several commercial separation systems are available for the preparation of PRP. The concentrations of blood components in PRP among these separation systems vary substantially. Purpose: To systematically review and evaluate the differences between the concentrations of blood components in PRP produced by various PRP separation systems. Study Design: Systematic review. Methods: MEDLINE/PubMed, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and EMBASE were searched for studies that compared the concentrations of blood components and growth factors in PRP between various separation systems and studies that reported on the concentrations of blood components and growth factors of single separation systems. The primary outcomes were platelet count, leukocyte count, and concentration of growth factors (eg, platelet-derived growth factor–AB [PDGF-AB], transforming growth factor–β1 [TGF-β1], and vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]). Furthermore, the preparation protocols and prices of the systems were compared. Results: There were 1079 studies found, of which 19 studies were selected for inclusion in this review. The concentrations of platelets and leukocytes in PRP differed largely between, and to a lesser extent within, the studied PRP separation systems. Additionally, large differences both between and within the studied PRP separation systems were found for all the growth factors. Furthermore, preparation protocols and prices varied widely between systems. Conclusion: There is a large heterogeneity between PRP separation systems regarding concentrations of platelets, leukocytes, and growth factors in PRP. The choice for the most appropriate type of PRP should be based on the specific clinical field of application. As the ideal concentrations of blood components and growth factors for the specific fields of application are yet to be determined for most of the fields, future research should focus on which type of PRP is most suitable for the specific field.

Carotid Body Chemoreceptors: Physiology, Pathology, and Implications for Health and Disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Iturriaga ◽  
Julio Alcayaga ◽  
Mark W. Chapleau ◽  
Virend K Somers
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Body ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Ionic Channels ◽  
Type I ◽  
Peripheral Chemoreceptor ◽  
Type I Cells ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Carotid Body Chemoreceptors ◽  
Respiratory Gases ◽  
I Cells

The carotid body (CB) is the main peripheral chemoreceptor for arterial respiratory gases O2 and CO2, and pH, eliciting reflex ventilatory, cardiovascular and humoral responses to maintain homeostasis. This review examines the fundamental biology underlying CB chemoreceptor function, its contribution to integrated physiologic responses, and its role in maintaining health and potentiating disease. Emphasis will be placed on: i) Transduction mechanisms in chemoreceptor (type I) cells, highlighting the role played by the hypoxic inhibition of O2-dependent K+ channels and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, and their modification by intracellular molecules and other ionic channels; ii) Synaptic mechanisms linking type I cells and petrosal nerve terminals, focusing on the role played by the main proposed transmitters and modulatory gases, and the participation of glial cells in regulation of the chemosensory process; iii) Integrated reflex responses to CB activation, emphasizing that the responses differ dramatically depending on the nature of the physiological, pathological or environmental challenges, and the interactions of the chemoreceptor reflex with other reflexes in optimizing oxygen delivery to the tissues; and iv) The contribution of enhanced CB chemosensory discharge to autonomic and cardiorespiratory pathophysiology in obstructive sleep apnea, congestive heart failure, resistant hypertension and metabolic diseases, and how modulation of enhanced CB reactivity in disease conditions may attenuate pathophysiology.

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