scholarly journals Characterization and Function of the 1-Deoxy-D-xylose-5-Phosphate Synthase (DXS) Gene Related to Terpenoid Synthesis in Pinus massoniana

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 848
Author(s):  
Rong Li ◽  
Peizhen Chen ◽  
Lingzhi Zhu ◽  
Fan Wu ◽  
Yu Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Breeding ◽  
Pinus Massoniana ◽  
Gus Expression ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
Terpene Synthesis ◽  
And Function ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol 6000 ◽  
Synthesis Regulation ◽  
Phosphate Synthase

In the methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) is considered the key enzyme for the biosynthesis of terpenoids. In this study, PmDXS (MK970590) was isolated from Pinus massoniana. Bioinformatics analysis revealed homology of MK970590 with DXS proteins from other species. Relative expression analysis suggested that PmDXS expression was higher in roots than in other plant parts, and the treatment of P. massoniana seedlings with mechanical injury via 15% polyethylene glycol 6000, 10 mM H2O2, 50 μM ethephon (ETH), 10 mM methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and 1 mM salicylic acid (SA) resulted in an increased expression of PmDXS. pET28a-PmDXS was expressed in Escherichia coli TransB (DE3) cells, and stress analysis showed that the recombinant protein was involved in resistance to NaCl and drought stresses. The subcellular localization of PmDXS was in the chloroplast. We also cloned a full-length 1024 bp PmDXS promoter. GUS expression was observed in Nicotiana benthamiana roots, stems, and leaves. PmDXS overexpression significantly increased carotenoid, chlorophyll a, and chlorophyll b contents and DXS enzyme activity, suggesting that DXS is important in isoprenoid biosynthesis. This study provides a theoretical basis for molecular breeding for terpene synthesis regulation and resistance.

Research Note: The five families of sucrose-phosphate synthase genes in Saccharum spp. are differentially expressed in leaves and stem

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 605 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. L. Grof ◽  
C. T. E. So ◽  
J. M. Perroux ◽  
G. D. Bonnett ◽  
R. I. Forrester
Keyword(s):  
Sucrose Phosphate Synthase ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Type B ◽  
Saccharum Spp ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Type D ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
And Function ◽  
Sucrose Phosphate ◽  
Phosphate Synthase

Sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS) is a key enzyme in the pathway of sucrose synthesis. Five different gene families encoding SPS have been reported in the Poaceae [Castleden CK, Aoki N, Gillespie VJ, MacRae EA, Quick WP, Buchner P, Foyer CH, Furbank RT, Lunn JE (2004) Evolution and function of the sucrose-phosphate synthase gene families in wheat and other grasses. Plant Physiology 135, 1753–1764]. Expression of the five families in leaf and stem tissues of Saccharum spp. at different stages of development was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. The type B and C families of SPS genes were predominantly expressed in both immature and mature leaves, whereas the two subfamilies making up the type D family were expressed at similar levels in all tissues examined. In the type A family, expression was lowest in leaves and increased from the meristem region down to internode 7 of the stem.

scholarly journals Role of Ubiquitin Ligases and the Proteasome in Oncogenesis: Novel Targets for Anticancer Therapies

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (9) ◽  
pp. 1231-1238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsey N. Micel ◽  
John J. Tentler ◽  
Peter G. Smith ◽  
Gail S. Eckhardt
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Cell Cycle Control ◽  
Ubiquitin Proteasome System ◽  
Cellular Regulation ◽  
Ubiquitin Chain ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
Ubiquitin Proteasome ◽  
Enzyme Families ◽  
And Function

The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) regulates the ubiquitination, and thus degradation and turnover, of many proteins vital to cellular regulation and function. The UPS comprises a sequential series of enzymatic processes using four key enzyme families: E1 (ubiquitin-activating enzymes), E2 (ubiquitin-carrier proteins), E3 (ubiquitin-protein ligases), and E4 (ubiquitin chain assembly factors). Because the UPS is a crucial regulator of the cell cycle, and abnormal cell-cycle control can lead to oncogenesis, aberrancies within the UPS pathway can result in a malignant cellular phenotype and thus has become an attractive target for novel anticancer agents. This article will provide an overall review of the mechanics of the UPS, describe aberrancies leading to cancer, and give an overview of current drug therapies selectively targeting the UPS.

scholarly journals Peningkatan hasil belajar siswa melalui metode inkuiri di MIS gampong mutia

At- Tarbawi ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-33
Author(s):  
Rina Purnama Sari
Keyword(s):  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Science Learning ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Material Structure ◽  
Guided Inquiry ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Five Senses ◽  
Inquiry Method ◽  
And Function

The activeness of students in learning is of course very necessary because by activating their five senses, they will learn more meaningfully. One of the teaching methods that can activate students' five senses is the inquiry method. The purpose of this study was to describe the increase in science learning outcomes at MIS Gampong Mutia. The design of this study used a control group posttest design. The instrument used is a test of learning outcomes for the material structure and function of plant parts. The results showed that there was an increase in science learning outcomes in classes that applied the inquiry method. So it can be said that this guided inquiry method is appropriate for use on the material structure and function of plant parts

Computational analysis of the evolution of the structure and function of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase, a key regulator of the mevalonate-independent pathway in plants

Gene ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 313 ◽  
pp. 127-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Krushkal ◽  
Maxwell Pistilli ◽  
Kathryn M Ferrell ◽  
Frederic F Souret ◽  
Pamela J Weathers
Keyword(s):  
Computational Analysis ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Phosphate Synthase

New functions for old factors: the role of polyamines during the establishment of pregnancy

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 1228
Author(s):  
Jane C. Fenelon ◽  
Bruce D. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Alternative Pathway ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Polyamine Synthesis ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
And Function ◽  
Implantation Period ◽  
Synthesis Regulation

Implantation is essential for the establishment of a successful pregnancy, and the preimplantation period plays a significant role in ensuring implantation occurs in a timely and coordinated manner. This requires effective maternal–embryonic signalling, established during the preimplantation period, to synchronise development. Although multiple factors have been identified as present during this time, the exact molecular mechanisms involved are unknown. Polyamines are small cationic molecules that are ubiquitously expressed from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. Despite being first identified over 300 years ago, their essential roles in cell proliferation and growth, including cancer, have only been recently recognised, with new technologies and interest resulting in rapid expansion of the polyamine field. This review provides a summary of our current understanding of polyamine synthesis, regulation and function with a focus on recent developments demonstrating the requirements for polyamines during the establishment of pregnancy up to the implantation stage, in particular the role of polyamines in the control of embryonic diapause and the identification of an alternative pathway for their synthesis in sheep pregnancy. This, along with other novel discoveries, provides new insights into the control of the peri-implantation period in mammals and highlights the complexities that exist in regulating this critical period of pregnancy.

scholarly journals The Phosphoglycerate Kinase (PGK) Gene Family of Maize (Zea mays var. B73)

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1639
Author(s):  
Julio A. Massange-Sánchez ◽  
Luz E. Casados-Vázquez ◽  
Sheila Juarez-Colunga ◽  
Ruairidh J. H. Sawers ◽  
Axel Tiessen
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Phosphoglycerate Kinase ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Plant Genomes ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
And Function ◽  
Distinct Role

Phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK, E.C. 2.7.2.3) interconverts ADP + 1,3-bisphospho-glycerate (1,3-bPGA) to ATP + 3-phosphoglycerate (3PGA). While most bacteria have a single pgk gene and mammals possess two copies, plant genomes contain three or more PGK genes. In this study, we identified five Pgk genes in the Zea mays var. B73 genome, predicted to encode proteins targeted to different subcellular compartments: ZmPgk1, ZmPgk2, and ZmPgk4 (chloroplast), ZmPgk3 (cytosol), and ZmPgk5 (nucleus). The expression of ZmPgk3 was highest in non-photosynthetic tissues (roots and cobs), where PGK activity was also greatest, consistent with a function in glycolysis. Green tissues (leaf blade and husk leaf) showed intermediate levels of PGK activity, and predominantly expressed ZmPgk1 and ZmPgk2, suggesting involvement in photosynthetic metabolism. ZmPgk5 was weakly expressed and ZmPgk4 was not detected in any tissue. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the photosynthetic and glycolytic isozymes of plants clustered together, but were distinct from PGKs of animals, fungi, protozoa, and bacteria, indicating that photosynthetic and glycolytic isozymes of plants diversified after the divergence of the plant lineage from other groups. These results show the distinct role of each PGK in maize and provide the basis for future studies into the regulation and function of this key enzyme.

scholarly journals Na,K-ATPase Activity Is Required for Formation of Tight Junctions, Desmosomes, and Induction of Polarity in Epithelial Cells

2001 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3717-3732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigrid A. Rajasekaran ◽  
Lawrence G. Palmer ◽  
Sun Y. Moon ◽  
Alejandro Peralta Soler ◽  
Gerard L. Apodaca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Tight Junctions ◽  
Stress Fibers ◽  
Epithelial Polarity ◽  
Rhoa Gtpase ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
And Function ◽  
Atpase Inhibition ◽  
Darby Canine Kidney

Na,K-ATPase is a key enzyme that regulates a variety of transport functions in epithelial cells. In this study, we demonstrate a role for Na,K-ATPase in the formation of tight junctions, desmosomes, and epithelial polarity with the use of the calcium switch model in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Inhibition of Na,K-ATPase either by ouabain or potassium depletion prevented the formation of tight junctions and desmosomes and the cells remained nonpolarized. The formation of bundled stress fibers that appeared transiently in control cells was largely inhibited in ouabain-treated or potassium-depleted cells. Failure to form stress fibers correlated with a large reduction of RhoA GTPase activity in Na,K-ATPase-inhibited cells. In cells overexpressing wild-type RhoA GTPase, Na,K-ATPase inhibition did not affect the formation of stress fibers, tight junctions, or desmosomes, and epithelial polarity developed normally, suggesting that RhoA GTPase is an essential component downstream of Na,K-ATPase-mediated regulation of these junctions. The effects of Na,K-ATPase inhibition were mimicked by treatment with the sodium ionophore gramicidin and were correlated with the increased intracellular sodium levels. Furthermore, ouabain treatment under sodium-free condition did not affect the formation of junctions and epithelial polarity, suggesting that the intracellular Na+ homeostasis plays a crucial role in generation of the polarized phenotype of epithelial cells. These results thus demonstrate that the Na,K-ATPase activity plays an important role in regulating both the structure and function of polarized epithelial cells.

scholarly journals TRANSFORMASI GENETIK DAN EKSPRESI MUTAN SUCROSE PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE PADA TANAMAN TOMAT

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 130
Author(s):  
Suwinda Fibriani ◽  
Inyana Dwi Agustien ◽  
Widhi Dyah Sawitri ◽  
Bambang Sugiharto
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Transformation ◽  
Tomato Plant ◽  
Sucrose Phosphate Synthase ◽  
Transgenic Tomato ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
N Terminus ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
Sucrose Biosynthesis ◽  
Sucrose Phosphate ◽  
Phosphate Synthase

Genetic Transformation and Expression of Sucrose Phosphate Synthase Mutant in Tomato Plant ABSTRACTSucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) is a key enzyme responsible for sucrose biosynthesis. In its regulation, SPS activity is modulated by an allosteric effector glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) suggested to have an ability to bind SPS N-terminus domain. To understand the role of N-terminus in regulating SPS, the SPS gene was mutated with the deletion of N-terminus domain (∆N-SPS). The ∆N-SPS gen was transformed into tomato plants with 5% transformation efficiency. Three transgenic tomato plant 4.20, 5.5.1, and 5.10 were obtained and confirmed by PCR analysis. Transgenic tomato expression was characterized by enzymatic analysis. Result showed that the G6P allosteric regulation in transgenic ∆N-SPS had lost and the SPS activity increased by 2-fold compared to non-transgenic plant. This showed that N-terminus domain-deleted SPS could be actively expressed in plant. Keywords: enzyme, genetic transformation, N-terminus domain deletion, sucrose phosphate synthase, tomato ABSTRAKSucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) merupakan enzim kunci yang bertanggung jawab dalam sintesis sukrosa. Dalam regulasinya, aktifitas SPS dipengaruhi oleh alosterik efektor glukosa-6-fosfat (G6P) yang diduga dapat berikatan pada domain N-terminus SPS. Untuk mengetahui peran N-terminus pada regulasi SPS, dilakukan mutasi SPS dengan penghilangan domain N-terminus (∆N-SPS). Gen ∆N-SPS diinsersi pada tanaman tomat melalui transformasi genetik dengan efisiensi transformasi 5%. Tiga tanaman transgenik tomat (event4.20; 5.5.1; dan 5.10) didapatkan dan positif terkonfirmasi melalui analisis PCR. Ekspresi mutan dikarakterisasi melalui analisis enzimatik. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa tanaman tomat transgenik ∆N-SPS tidak dipengaruhi regulasi alosterik G6P dan aktifitas SPS 2 kali lipat lebih tinggi daripada tanaman bukan transgenik. Ini menunjukkan bahwa SPS dengan delesi domain N-terminus dapat terekspresi aktif pada tanaman.  Kata Kunci: delesi domain N-terminus, enzim, sucrose phosphate synthase, tomat, transformasi genetik 

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