scholarly journals Innate Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection: From Cells to Soluble Mediators

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 7017
Author(s):  
Daniela Ricci ◽  
Marilena Paola Etna ◽  
Fabiana Rizzo ◽  
Silvia Sandini ◽  
Martina Severa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Inborn Errors ◽  
Multiple Strategies ◽  
Cytokines And Chemokines ◽  
Causes Of Disease ◽  
Combined Action

The vulnerability of humankind to SARS-CoV-2 in the absence of a pre-existing immunity, the unpredictability of the infection outcome, and the high transmissibility, broad tissue tropism, and ability to exploit and subvert the immune response pose a major challenge and are likely perpetuating the COVID-19 pandemic. Nevertheless, this peculiar infectious scenario provides researchers with a unique opportunity for studying, with the latest immunological techniques and understandings, the immune response in SARS-CoV-2 naïve versus recovered subjects as well as in SARS-CoV-2 vaccinees. Interestingly, the current understanding of COVID-19 indicates that the combined action of innate immune cells, cytokines, and chemokines fine-tunes the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the related immunopathogenesis. Indeed, the emerging picture clearly shows that the excessive inflammatory response against this virus is among the main causes of disease severity in COVID-19 patients. In this review, the innate immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection is described not only in light of its capacity to influence the adaptive immune response towards a protective phenotype but also with the intent to point out the multiple strategies exploited by SARS-CoV-2 to antagonize host antiviral response and, finally, to outline inborn errors predisposing individuals to COVID-19 disease severity.

scholarly journals Salmonella escapes adaptive immune response via SIRT2 mediated modulation of innate immune response in dendritic cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. e1007437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayuri Gogoi ◽  
Kasturi Chandra ◽  
Mohsen Sarikhani ◽  
Ramya Ramani ◽  
Nagalingam Ravi Sundaresan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune

scholarly journals Modulation of the Bovine Trophoblastic Innate Immune Response by Brucella abortus

2008 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 1897-1907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alcina V. Carvalho Neta ◽  
Ana P. R. Stynen ◽  
Tatiane A. Paixão ◽  
Karina L. Miranda ◽  
Fabiana L. Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Brucella Abortus ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Chemokine Expression ◽  
Trophoblastic Cells ◽  
Proinflammatory Mediators ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Cytokines And Chemokines

ABSTRACT Brucellosis is still a widespread zoonotic disease. Very little is known about the interaction between Brucella abortus and trophoblastic cells, which is essential for better understanding the pathogenesis of the Brucella-induced placentitis and abortion, a key event for transmission of the disease. The goal of this study was to evaluate the profile of gene expression by bovine trophoblastic cells during infection with B. abortus. Explants of chorioallantoic membranes were inoculated with B. abortus strain 2308. Microarray analysis was performed at 4 h after infection, and expression of cytokines and chemokines by trophoblastic cells was assessed by real-time reverse transcription-PCR at 6 and 12 h after inoculation. In addition, cytokine and chemokine expression in placentomes from experimentally infected cows was evaluated. Expression of proinflammatory genes by trophoblastic cells was suppressed at 4 h after inoculation, whereas a significant upregulation of CXC chemokines, namely, CXCL6 (GCP-2) and CXCL8 (interleukin 8), was observed at 12 but not at 6 h after inoculation. Placentomes of experimentally infected cows had a similar profile of chemokine expression, with upregulation of CXCL6 and CXCL8. Our data indicate that B. abortus modulates the innate immune response by trophoblastic cells, suppressing the expression of proinflammatory mediators during the early stages of infection that is followed by a delayed and mild expression of proinflammatory chemokines, which is similar to the profile of chemokine expression in the placentomes of experimentally infected cows. This trophoblastic response is likely to contribute to the pathogenesis of B. abortus-induced placentitis.

scholarly journals Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Nonstructural Protein 1β Modulates Host Innate Immune Response by Antagonizing IRF3 Activation

2009 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 1574-1584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lalit K. Beura ◽  
Saumendra N. Sarkar ◽  
Byungjoon Kwon ◽  
Sakthivel Subramaniam ◽  
Clinton Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Nuclear Translocation ◽  
Sendai Virus ◽  
Nonstructural Protein ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Host Innate Immune Response

ABSTRACT Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection of swine leads to a serious disease characterized by a delayed and defective adaptive immune response. It is hypothesized that a suboptimal innate immune response is responsible for the disease pathogenesis. In the study presented here we tested this hypothesis and identified several nonstructural proteins (NSPs) with innate immune evasion properties encoded by the PRRS viral genome. Four of the total ten PRRSV NSPs tested were found to have strong to moderate inhibitory effects on beta interferon (IFN-β) promoter activation. The strongest inhibitory effect was exhibited by NSP1 followed by, NSP2, NSP11, and NSP4. We focused on NSP1α and NSP1β (self-cleavage products of NSP1 during virus infection) and NSP11, three NSPs with strong inhibitory activity. All of three proteins, when expressed stably in cell lines, strongly inhibited double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) signaling pathways. NSP1β was found to inhibit both IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3)- and NF-κB-dependent gene induction by dsRNA and Sendai virus. Mechanistically, the dsRNA-induced phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of IRF3 were strongly inhibited by NSP1β. Moreover, when tested in a porcine myelomonocytic cell line, NSP1β inhibited Sendai virus-mediated activation of porcine IFN-β promoter activity. We propose that this NSP1β-mediated subversion of the host innate immune response plays an important role in PRRSV pathogenesis.

scholarly journals The Innate Immune Response to Adjuvants Dictates the Adaptive Immune Response to Autoantigens

2008 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 543-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria A. Staykova ◽  
David Liñares ◽  
Susan A. Fordham ◽  
Judith T. Paridaen ◽  
David O. Willenborg
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune

scholarly journals Vaccinia virus immune evasion: mechanisms, virulence and immunogenicity

2013 ◽  
Vol 94 (11) ◽  
pp. 2367-2392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey L. Smith ◽  
Camilla T. O. Benfield ◽  
Carlos Maluquer de Motes ◽  
Michela Mazzon ◽  
Stuart W. J. Ember ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Vaccinia Virus ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Cytokines And Chemokines ◽  
Host Innate Immune Response ◽  
New Hosts

Virus infection of mammalian cells is sensed by pattern recognition receptors and leads to an innate immune response that restricts virus replication and induces adaptive immunity. In response, viruses have evolved many countermeasures that enable them to replicate and be transmitted to new hosts, despite the host innate immune response. Poxviruses, such as vaccinia virus (VACV), have large DNA genomes and encode many proteins that are dedicated to host immune evasion. Some of these proteins are secreted from the infected cell, where they bind and neutralize complement factors, interferons, cytokines and chemokines. Other VACV proteins function inside cells to inhibit apoptosis or signalling pathways that lead to the production of interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In this review, these VACV immunomodulatory proteins are described and the potential to create more immunogenic VACV strains by manipulation of the gene encoding these proteins is discussed.

scholarly journals Human Lung Innate Immune Response to Bacillus anthracis Spore Infection

2007 ◽  
Vol 75 (8) ◽  
pp. 3729-3738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaushik Chakrabarty ◽  
Wenxin Wu ◽  
J. Leland Booth ◽  
Elizabeth S. Duggan ◽  
Nancy N. Nagle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Bacillus Anthracis ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Human Lung ◽  
Rnase Protection Assay ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Rnase Protection ◽  
Cell Signal ◽  
Cytokines And Chemokines

ABSTRACT Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of inhalational anthrax, enters a host through the pulmonary system before dissemination. We have previously shown that human alveolar macrophages participate in the initial innate immune response to B. anthracis spores through cell signal-mediated cytokine release. We proposed that the lung epithelia also participate in the innate immune response to this pathogen, and we have developed a human lung slice model to study this process. Exposure of our model to B. anthracis (Sterne) spores rapidly activated the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways ERK, p38, and JNK. In addition, an RNase protection assay showed induction of mRNA of several cytokines and chemokines. This finding was reflected at the translational level by protein peak increases of 3-, 25-, 9-, 34-, and 5-fold for interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-8, macrophage inflammatory protein 1α/β, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, respectively, as determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Inhibition of individual pathways by UO126, SP600125, and SB0203580 decreased induction of chemokines and cytokines by spores, but this depended on the pathways inhibited and the cytokines and chemokines induced. Combining all three inhibitors reduced induction of all cytokines and chemokines tested to background levels. An immunohistochemistry analysis of IL-6 and IL-8 revealed that alveolar epithelial cells and macrophages and a few interstitial cells are the source of the cytokines and chemokines. Taken together, these data showed the activation of the pulmonary epithelium in response to B. anthracis spore exposure. Thus, the lung epithelia actively participate in the innate immune response to B. anthracis infection through cell signal-mediated elaboration of cytokines and chemokines.

scholarly journals Insights into Innate Immune Response Against SARS-CoV-2 Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-269
Author(s):  
Adina Huțanu ◽  
Anca Meda Georgescu ◽  
Akos Vince Andrejkovits ◽  
William Au ◽  
Minodora Dobreanu
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Interferon Response ◽  
Humoral Factors ◽  
Key Steps

Abstract The innate immune system is mandatory for the activation of antiviral host defense and eradication of the infection. In this regard, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, neutrophils representing the cellular component, and cytokines, interferons, complement or Toll-Like Receptors, representing the mediators of unspecific response act together for both activation of the adaptive immune response and viral clearance. Of great importance is the proper functioning of the innate immune response from the very beginning. For instance, in the early stages of viral infection, the defective interferon response leads to uncontrolled viral replication and pathogen evasion, while hypersecretion during the later stages of infection generates hyperinflammation. This cascade activation of systemic inflammation culminates with cytokine storm syndrome and hypercoagulability state, due to a close interconnection between them. Thus an unbalanced reaction, either under- or over- stimulation of the innate immune system will lead to an uncoordinated response and unfavorable disease outcomes. Since both cellular and humoral factors are involved in the time-course of the innate immune response, in this review we aimed to address their gradual involvement in the antiviral response with emphasis on key steps in SARS-CoV-2 infection.

scholarly journals Correction: Salmonella escapes adaptive immune response via SIRT2 mediated modulation of innate immune response in dendritic cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e1008345
Author(s):  
Mayuri Gogoi ◽  
Kasturi Chandra ◽  
Mohsen Sarikhani ◽  
Ramya Ramani ◽  
Nagalingam Ravi Sundaresan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune

scholarly journals Fetal Lymphoid Organ Immune Responses to Transient and Persistent Infection with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie J. Knapek ◽  
Hanah M. Georges ◽  
Hana Van Campen ◽  
Jeanette V. Bishop ◽  
Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) fetal infections occur in two forms; persistent infection (PI) or transient infection (TI), depending on what stage of gestation the fetus is infected. Examination of lymphoid organs from both PI and TI fetuses reveals drastically different fetal responses, dependent upon the developmental stage of the fetal immune system. Total RNA was extracted from the thymuses and spleens of uninfected control, PI, and TI fetuses collected on day 190 of gestation to test the hypothesis that BVDV infection impairs the innate and adaptive immune response in the fetal thymus and spleen of both infection types. Transcripts of genes representing the innate immune response and adaptive immune response genes were assayed by Reverse Transcription quatitative PCR (RT-qPCR) (2−ΔΔCq; fold change). Genes of the innate immune response, interferon (IFN) inducible genes, antigen presentation to lymphocytes, and activation of B cells were downregulated in day 190 fetal PI thymuses compared to controls. In contrast, innate immune response genes were upregulated in TI fetal thymuses compared to controls and tended to be upregulated in TI fetal spleens. Genes associated with the innate immune system were not different in PI fetal spleens; however, adaptive immune system genes were downregulated, indicating that PI fetal BVDV infection has profound inhibitory effects on the expression of genes involved in the innate and adaptive immune response. The downregulation of these genes in lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells in the developing thymus and spleen may explain the incomplete clearance of BVDV and the persistence of the virus in PI animals while the upregulation of the TI innate immune response indicates a more mature immune system, able to clear the virus.

Plant Phenolics and Lectins as Vaccine Adjuvants

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (15) ◽  
pp. 1236-1243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hernández-Ramos Reyna-Margarita ◽  
Castillo-Maldonado Irais ◽  
Rivera-Guillén Mario-Alberto ◽  
Ramírez-Moreno Agustina ◽  
Serrano-Gallardo Luis-Benjamín ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
The Body ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvants ◽  
Plant Phenolics ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Foreign Substance

Background: The immune system is responsible for providing protection to the body against foreign substances. The immune system divides into two types of immune responses to study its mechanisms of protection: 1) Innate and 2) Adaptive. The innate immune response represents the first protective barrier of the organism that also works as a regulator of the adaptive immune response, if evaded the mechanisms of the innate immune response by the foreign substance the adaptive immune response takes action with the consequent antigen neutralization or elimination. The adaptive immune response objective is developing a specific humoral response that consists in the production of soluble proteins known as antibodies capable of specifically recognizing the foreign agent; such protective mechanism is induced artificially through an immunization or vaccination. Unfortunately, the immunogenicity of the antigens is an intrinsic characteristic of the same antigen dependent on several factors. Conclusion: Vaccine adjuvants are chemical substances of very varied structure that seek to improve the immunogenicity of antigens. The main four types of adjuvants under investigation are the following: 1) Oil emulsions with an antigen in solution, 2) Pattern recognition receptors activating molecules, 3) Inflammatory stimulatory molecules or activators of the inflammasome complex, and 4) Cytokines. However, this paper addresses the biological plausibility of two phytochemical compounds as vaccine adjuvants: 5) Lectins, and 6) Plant phenolics whose characteristics, mechanisms of action and disadvantages are addressed. Finally, the immunological usefulness of these molecules is discussed through immunological data to estimate effects of plant phenolics and lectins as vaccine adjuvants, and current studies that have implanted these molecules as vaccine adjuvants, demonstrating the results of this immunization.

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