General approach to poisoning cases

Poisoning; It is the harm of a foreign substance such as medicine, cleaning product and pesticides to the body through toxic dose mouth, inhalation, injection and absorption through the skin. It is an important cause of mortality and morbidity in childhood. More than 45,000 children and adolescents die from poisoning each year. The mortality rate in children under the age of 20 is 1.8 per 100,000. The death rate due to poisoning is higher in boys than in girls. Although it can be encountered at any age in childhood, children under the age of five constitute approximately 50% of all poisoning cases.

Biomaterial and cellular implants:foreign surfaces where immunity and coagulation meet

Exposure of blood to a foreign surface in the form of a diagnostic or therapeutic biomaterial device or implanted cells or tissues, elicits an immediate, evolutionarily conserved thrombo-inflammatory response by the host. Primarily designed to protect against invading organisms following an injury, this innate response features instantaneous activation of several blood-borne, highly interactive and well-orchestrated cascades and cellular events that limit bleeding, destroy and eliminate the foreign substance/cells, and promote healing and a return to homeostasis via delicately balanced regenerative processes. In the setting of blood-contacting synthetic or natural biomaterials and implantation of foreign cells/tissues, innate responses are robust, albeit highly context-specific. Unfortunately, they tend to be less than adequately regulated by the host's natural anti-coagulant/anti-inflammatory pathways, thereby jeopardizing the functional integrity of the device, as well as the health of the host. Strategies to achieve biocompatibility with a sustained return to homeostasis, particularly while the device remains in situ and functional, continue to elude scientists and clinicians. In this review, some of the complex mechanisms by which biomaterials and cellular transplants provide a "hub" for activation and amplification of coagulation and immunity - thrombo-inflammation - will be discussed, with a view toward the development of innovative means of overcoming the innate challenges.

Pyrolysis & Adsorption Characterization of Activated Carbon synthesis – A Review

Actuated carbon (AC) is utilized in various conditions of uses after its disclosure as a solid and dependable adsorbent. A review on AC is introduced along with returning to the wellsprings of AC age; strategies used to produce AC including pyrolysis enactment; actual actuation; synthetic initiation and steam pyrolysis. The significant variables influencing the AC creation, the potential uses of AC and their future possibilities are likewise examined. AC is applied in water, wastewater and leachate medicines in numerous nations, particularly to clean the shading, eliminate the smell and some substantial metals. Taking into account this, an exhaustive rundown of research on compound, physical and organic change strategies of initiated carbon relating to prevent of foreign substance expulsion from watery arrangements was aggregated and investigated. Additionally, the examination of the actual blending strategy and the impregnation technique in enactment with antacid metals shows that the actuated carbon got through actual blending had a higher porosity than the initiated carbon created by the impregnation technique. The uses of initiated carbon items were quickly surveyed.

ANALISIS PENGUKURAN PARTIKULAT KUALITAS UDARA OUTDOOR DI KAMPUS PSDKU UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA DI BANYUWANGI

Air pollution can be interpreted as the presence of foreign substance or level substance contained in the air, so that it can cause changes in the composition of the air from normal conditions. The presence of pollutants sourced from moving and immovable sources can be in the form of dust particles that can affect the level of air quality in the environment and interfere with human health, so that air quality is measured. The measurement of air quality particulates carried out aims to determine the quality of outdoor air at PSDKU Airlangga University in Banyuwangi. This type of research is descriptive observational research. The method used in sampling is purposive sampling. This research was conducted in 5 locations, namely Sobo basketball court, student parking lot, outdoor student discussion area I, Sobo campus outdoor canteen, and outdoor student discussion area II. The result of measurements of dust particulate levels showed that all places were in the good category, but the student parking lot had the highest average which is equal to 1,572 µ/m3, compared to the other 4 places. Efforts that can be made to overcome the high levels of dust particulates in PSDKU Airlangga University in Banyuwangi include reducing the use of motorized vehicles, as well as always covering the helmet and wearing masks when driving, as well as care free day policies in the campus area.

The Function of Immunology, Antigen and Antibody

The aims of the study is the function of , imonology, antigen and antibody. The discussion is the function of antigen and also the types of antigen The type of antigen is based on its determinant: (a) Unideterminant, (b) Unideterminant, (c) Multideterminant (d) Multideterminant. The type of antigen based on the specifics : (a) Heteroantigen (b) Xenoantigen (c) Alloantigen (d) Specific organ antigens (e) Autoantigen . Types of antigens based on their chemical content: (a) Carbohydrates, (b) Lipids (c) Nucleic (d) Protein . (Antibodies have the ability to recognize and attach / attach to antigens that are thought to cause disease by the body and recognizing and attaching themselves to antigens, the antibody substance always acts as a marker, and then sends a signal to other white blood cells to attack the foreign substance

Non-Destructive Detection of Bone Fragments Embedded in Meat Using Hyperspectral Reflectance Imaging Technique

Meat consumption has shifted from a quantitative to a qualitative growth stage due to improved living standards and economic development. Recently, consumers have paid attention to quality and safety in their decision to purchase meat. However, foreign substances which are not normal food ingredients are unintentionally incorporated into meat. These should be eliminated as a hazard to quality or safety. It is important to find a fast, non-destructive, and accurate detection technique of foreign substance in the meat processing industry. Hyperspectral imaging technology has been regarded as a novel technology capable of providing large-scale imaging and continuous observation information on agricultural products and food. In this study, we considered the feasibility of the short-wave near infrared (SWIR) hyperspectral reflectance imaging technique to detect bone fragments embedded in chicken meat. De-boned chicken breast samples with thicknesses of 3, 6, and 9-mm and 5 bone fragments with lengths of about 20–30-mm are used for this experiment. The reflectance spectra (in the wavelength range from 987 to 1701-nm) of the 5 bone fragments embedded under the chicken breast fillet are collected. Our results suggested that these hyperspectral imaging technique is able to detect bone fragments in chicken breast, particularly with the use of a subtraction image (corresponding to image at 1153.8-nm and 1480.2-nm). Thus, the SWIR hyperspectral reflectance imaging technique can be potentially used to detect foreign substance embedded in meat.

Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of docosahexaenoic acid on carrageenan induced paw oedema in rats

Background: Inflammation is a tissue reaction to infection, irritation of foreign substance. It is a part of the host defence mechanism but if in excess it becomes harmful. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is omega-3-derivative of alpha-linolenic acid. This study was conducted to determine the anti-inflammatory activity of DHA and its comparison with standard drug diclofenac.Methods: The study was carried out by using inflammatory models in male albino rats. Rats were divided into 4 groups of 6 animals of each. The anti-inflammatory activity was studied with carrageenan induced rat paw edema. The anti-inflammatory activity of DHA was compared with standard drug diclofenac. The study parameters for acute inflammation was assessment of reduction in inflammation and the percentage inhibition of the paw edema.Results: DHA 200 mg/kg, DHA 300 mg/kg, and diclofenac 10 mg/kg showed 58%, 64%, and 67% reduction in paw volume, respectively. The DHA showed significant (p<0.05) anti-inflammatory activity in both dosages as compared to control and was dose dependent.Conclusions: DHA produced dose dependent anti-inflammatory activity which suggest its probable use in the treatment of inflammation.

A Review on the Optimal Design of Magnetic Nanoparticle-Based T2 MRI Contrast Agents

Relaxivity r2 and thus the contrast efficacy of superparamagnetic nanoparticles (NPs) can be enhanced via either NP’s magnetic properties or coating optimization. Numerous reports can be found about the investigation of the optimal iron oxide nanoparticles (IO NPs) size, shape, crystallinity and composition that yield high saturation magnetization (ms) values and, consequently, high r2 values. Although the use of an appropriate coating can boost up the NPs MRI contrast agent efficiency, this topic has been largely understudied. Therefore, in this review, the factors affording r2 enhancement of spherical magnetic NPs are discussed. Based on the literature, the requirements for an optimal surface coating that may increase r2 values and ensure stability and biocompatibility of NPs are listed. One of the best candidates that fulfil these requirements are liposomes with embedded magnetic NPs, so-called magneto-liposomes. The analysis of the literature elucidated the most appropriate phospholipid compositions for the relaxivity enhancement and for magneto-liposomes in vivo stability. Finally, the future directions in the development of NP-based contrast agents are given. For example, most of the synthetic NPs are recognized and eliminated as a foreign substance by the immune system. To overcome this issue, a design of a biomimetic, cell-membrane-based nanocarrier for contrast agents is proposed. Disguised with cell membranes, NPs or other active components can act as autogenous cells and thus ensure the inherent biocompatibility.