scholarly journals Exogenous Brassinosteroid Facilitates Xylem Development in Pinus massoniana Seedlings

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7615
Author(s):  
Fuhua Fan ◽  
Zijing Zhou ◽  
Huijuan Qin ◽  
Jianhui Tan ◽  
Guijie Ding
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Pinus Massoniana ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Xylem Development ◽  
Lignin Synthesis ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Endogenous Phytohormone

Brassinosteroids (BRs) are known to be essential regulators for wood formation in herbaceous plants and poplar, but their roles in secondary growth and xylem development are still not well-defined, especially in pines. Here, we treated Pinus massoniana seedlings with different concentrations of exogenous BRs, and assayed the effects on plant growth, xylem development, endogenous phytohormone contents and gene expression within stems. Application of exogenous BR resulted in improving development of xylem more than phloem, and promoting xylem development in a dosage-dependent manner in a certain concentration rage. Endogenous hormone determination showed that BR may interact with other phytohormones in regulating xylem development. RNA-seq analysis revealed that some conventional phenylpropanoid biosynthesis- or lignin synthesis-related genes were downregulated, but the lignin content was elevated, suggesting that new lignin synthesis pathways or other cell wall components should be activated by BR treatment in P. massoniana. The results presented here reveal the foundational role of BRs in regulating plant secondary growth, and provide the basis for understanding molecular mechanisms of xylem development in P. massoniana.

scholarly journals Tissue-specific Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Lignocellulose Synthesis Regulation in Elephant Grass (Pennisetum Purpureum Schum.)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenqing Zhang ◽  
Shengkui Zhang ◽  
Xianqin Lu ◽  
Can Li ◽  
Xingwang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Cellulose Synthesis ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
Lignin Synthesis ◽  
Highly Correlated

Abstract Background:The characteristics of elephant grass, especially its stem lignocellulose, are of great significance for its quality as feed or other industrial raw materials. Because the genome of elephant grass has not been deciphered, the study of its lignocellulose synthesis pathway and key genes is limited. Results:In this study, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) combining with lignocellulose content analysis and cell wall morphology observation using elephant grass stems from different development stages as materials, were applied to reveal the genes regulating cellulose and lignin synthesis. A total of 3852 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in three periods of T1, T2 and T3. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that the two most abundant metabolic pathways were phenylpropanemetabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, which closely related to cell wall development, hemicellulose, lignin and cellulose synthesis. Through weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of DEGs, a ‘blue’ module highly correlated with cellulose synthesis and a ‘turquoise’ module highly correlated with lignin synthesis were exhibited. A total of 43 candidate genes were screened, of which 17 had function annotations in other species. In addition, the expression of CesA, PAL, CAD, C4H, COMT, CCoAMT, F5H, CAD and CCR at different development stages were analyzed, and found that the content of lignocellulose was correlated with the expression levels of these structural genes. Conclusions:This study not only provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of cellulose and lignin synthesis pathways in elephant grass, but also offers a new and extensive list of candidate genes for more specialized functional studies in the future which may promote the development of high-quality elephant grass varieties with high cellulose and low lignin content.

scholarly journals Tissue-Specific Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Lignocellulose Synthesis Regulation in Elephant Grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenqing Zhang ◽  
Shengkui Zhang ◽  
Xianqin Lu ◽  
Can Li ◽  
Xingwang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Cellulose Synthesis ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Lignin Synthesis

Abstract Background: The characteristics of elephant grass, especially its stem lignocellulose, are of great significance for its quality as feed or other industrial raw materials. However, the research on lignocellulose biosynthesis pathway and key genes is limited because the genome of elephant grass has not been deciphered.Results: In this study, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) combined with lignocellulose content analysis and cell wall morphology observation using elephant grass stems from different development stages as materials were applied to reveal the genes that regulate the synthesis of cellulose and lignin. A total of 3852 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in three periods of T1, T2, and T3 through RNA-seq analysis. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis of all DEGs showed that the two most abundant metabolic pathways were phenylpropane metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, which were closely related to cell wall development, hemicellulose, lignin and cellulose synthesis. Through weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of DEGs, a ‘blue’ module highly associated with cellulose synthesis and a ‘turquoise’ module highly correlated with lignin synthesis were exhibited. A total of 43 candidate genes were screened, of which 17 had function annotations in other species. Besides, by analyzing the content of lignocellulose in the stem tissues of elephant grass at different developmental stages and the expression levels of genes such as CesA, PAL, CAD, C4H, COMT, CCoAMT, F5H and CCR, it was found that the content of lignocellulose was related to the expression level of these structural genes.Conclusions: This study provides a basis for further understanding the molecular mechanisms of cellulose and lignin synthesis pathways of elephant grass, and offers a unique and extensive list of candidate genes for future specialized functional studies which may promote the development of high-quality elephant grass varieties with high cellulose and low lignin content.

scholarly journals Tissue-Specific Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Lignocellulose Synthesis Regulation in Elephant Grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenqing Zhang ◽  
Shengkui Zhang ◽  
Xianqin Lu ◽  
Can Li ◽  
Xingwang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Cellulose Synthesis ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Lignin Synthesis

Abstract Background: The characteristics of elephant grass, especially its stem lignocellulose, are of great significance for its quality as feed or other industrial raw materials. However, the research on lignocellulose biosynthesis pathway and key genes is limited because the genome of elephant grass has not been deciphered.Results: In this study, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) combined with lignocellulose content analysis and cell wall morphology observation using elephant grass stems from different development stages as materials were applied to reveal the genes that regulate the synthesis of cellulose and lignin. A total of 3852 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in three periods of T1, T2, and T3 through RNA-seq analysis. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis of all DEGs showed that the two most abundant metabolic pathways were phenylpropane metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, which were closely related to cell wall development, hemicellulose, lignin and cellulose synthesis. Through weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of DEGs, a ‘blue’ module highly associated with cellulose synthesis and a ‘turquoise’ module highly correlated with lignin synthesis were exhibited. A total of 43 candidate genes were screened, of which 17 had function annotations in other species. Besides, by analyzing the content of lignocellulose in the stem tissues of elephant grass at different developmental stages and the expression levels of genes such as CesA, PAL, CAD, C4H, COMT, CCoAMT, F5H and CCR, it was found that the content of lignocellulose was related to the expression level of these structural genes.Conclusions: This study provides a basis for further understanding the molecular mechanisms of cellulose and lignin synthesis pathways of elephant grass, and offers a unique and extensive list of candidate genes for future specialized functional studies which may promote the development of high-quality elephant grass varieties with high cellulose and low lignin content.

scholarly journals Tissue-Specific Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Lignocellulose Synthesis Regulation in Elephant Grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenqing Zhang ◽  
Shengkui Zhang ◽  
Xianqin Lu ◽  
Can Li ◽  
Xingwang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Cellulose Synthesis ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Lignin Synthesis

Abstract Background: The characteristics of elephant grass, especially its stem lignocellulose, are of great significance for its quality as feed or other industrial raw materials. However, the research on lignocellulose biosynthesis pathway and key genes is limited because the genome of elephant grass has not been deciphered.Results: In this study, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) combined with lignocellulose content analysis and cell wall morphology observation using elephant grass stems from different development stages as materials were applied to reveal the genes that regulate the synthesis of cellulose and lignin. A total of 3852 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in three periods of T1, T2, and T3 through RNA-seq analysis. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis of all DEGs showed that the two most abundant metabolic pathways were phenylpropane metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, which were closely related to cell wall development, hemicellulose, lignin and cellulose synthesis. Through weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of DEGs, a ‘blue’ module highly associated with cellulose synthesis and a ‘turquoise’ module highly correlated with lignin synthesis were exhibited. A total of 43 candidate genes were screened, of which 17 had function annotations in other species. Besides, by analyzing the content of lignocellulose in the stem tissues of elephant grass at different developmental stages and the expression levels of genes such as CesA, PAL, CAD, C4H, COMT, CCoAMT, F5H and CCR, it was found that the content of lignocellulose was related to the expression level of these structural genes.Conclusions: This study provides a basis for further understanding the molecular mechanisms of cellulose and lignin synthesis pathways of elephant grass, and offers a unique and extensive list of candidate genes for future specialized functional studies which may promote the development of high-quality elephant grass varieties with high cellulose and low lignin content.

scholarly journals Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Stem Secondary Growth of Grafted Rosa rugosa ‘Rosea’ Scion and R. multiflora ‘Innermis’ Rootstock

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing-shuang Sun ◽  
Rui-yang Hu ◽  
Fu-ling Lv ◽  
Yan-fang Yang ◽  
Zhi-min Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Transcription Analysis ◽  
Functional Annotations ◽  
Kegg Pathways ◽  
New Information ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis

Grafted plant is a chimeric organism formed by the connection of scion and rootstock through stems, so stem growth and development become one of the important factors to affect grafted plant state. However, information regarding the molecular responses of stems secondary growth after grafting is limited. A grafted Rosa plant, with R. rugosa ‘Rosea’ as the scion (Rr_scion) grafted onto R. multiflora ‘Innermis’ as the stock (Rm_stock), has been shown to significantly improve stem thickness. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of stem secondary growth in grafted plant, a genome-wide transcription analysis was performed using an RNA sequence (RNA-seq) method between the scion and rootstock. Comparing ungrafted R. rugosa ‘Rosea’ (Rr) and R. multiflora ‘Innermis’ (Rm) plants, there were much more differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified in Rr_scion (6887) than Rm_stock (229). Functional annotations revealed that DEGs in Rr_scion are involved in two Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways: the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis metabolism and plant hormone signal transduction, whereas DEGs in Rm_stock were associated with starch and sucrose metabolism pathway. Moreover, different kinds of signal transduction-related DEGs, e.g., receptor-like serine/threonine protein kinases (RLKs), transcription factor (TF), and transporters, were identified and could affect the stem secondary growth of both the scion and rootstock. This work provided new information regarding the underlying molecular mechanism between scion and rootstock after grafting.

scholarly journals Tissue-Specific Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Lignocellulose Synthesis Regulation in Elephant Grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenqing Zhang ◽  
Shengkui Zhang ◽  
Xianqin Lu ◽  
Can Li ◽  
Xingwang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Cellulose Synthesis ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Lignin Synthesis

Abstract Background: The characteristics of elephant grass, especially its stem lignocellulose, are of great significance for its quality as feed or other industrial raw materials. However, the research on lignocellulose biosynthesis pathway and key genes is limited because the genome of elephant grass has not been deciphered.Results: In this study, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) combined with lignocellulose content analysis and cell wall morphology observation using elephant grass stems from different development stages as materials were applied to reveal the genes that regulate the synthesis of cellulose and lignin. A total of 3852 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in three periods of T1, T2, and T3 through RNA-seq analysis. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis of all DEGs showed that the two most abundant metabolic pathways were phenylpropane metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, which were closely related to cell wall development, hemicellulose, lignin and cellulose synthesis. Through weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of DEGs, a ‘blue’ module highly associated with cellulose synthesis and a ‘turquoise’ module highly correlated with lignin synthesis were exhibited. A total of 43 candidate genes were screened, of which 17 had function annotations in other species. Besides, by analyzing the content of lignocellulose in the stem tissues of elephant grass at different developmental stages and the expression levels of genes such as CesA, PAL, CAD, C4H, COMT, CCoAMT, F5H and CCR, it was found that the content of lignocellulose was related to the expression level of these structural genes.Conclusions: This study provides a basis for further understanding the molecular mechanisms of cellulose and lignin synthesis pathways of elephant grass, and offers a unique and extensive list of candidate genes for future specialized functional studies which may promote the development of high-quality elephant grass varieties with high cellulose and low lignin content.

scholarly journals Wood Transcriptome Profiling Identifies Critical Pathway Genes of Secondary Wall Biosynthesis and Novel Regulators for Vascular Cambium Development in Populus

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min-Ha Kim ◽  
Jin-Seong Cho ◽  
Hyung-Woo Jeon ◽  
Kanidta Sangsawang ◽  
Donghwan Shim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Hybrid Poplar ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Transcriptome Profiling ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Vascular Cambium ◽  
Critical Pathway

Wood, the most abundant biomass on Earth, is composed of secondary xylem differentiated from vascular cambium. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of wood formation remain largely unclear. To gain insight into wood formation, we performed a series of wood-forming tissue-specific transcriptome analyses from a hybrid poplar (Populus alba × P. glandulosa, clone BH) using RNA-seq. Together with shoot apex and leaf tissue, cambium and xylem tissues were isolated from vertical stem segments representing a gradient of secondary growth developmental stages (i.e., immature, intermediate, and mature stem). In a comparative transcriptome analysis of the ‘developing xylem’ and ‘leaf’ tissue, we could identify critical players catalyzing each biosynthetic step of secondary wall components (e.g., cellulose, xylan, and lignin). Several candidate genes involved in the initiation of vascular cambium formation were found via a co-expression network analysis using abundantly expressed genes in the ‘intermediate stem-derived cambium’ tissue. We found that transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing the PtrHAM4-1, a GRAS family transcription factor, resulted in a significant increase of vascular cambium development. This phenotype was successfully reproduced in the transgenic poplars overexpressing the PtrHAM4-1. Taken together, our results may serve as a springboard for further research to unravel the molecular mechanism of wood formation, one of the most important biological processes on this planet.

scholarly journals Tissue-specific Transcriptome analysis reveals lignocellulose synthesis regulation in elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum)

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenqing Zhang ◽  
Shengkui Zhang ◽  
Xianqin Lu ◽  
Can Li ◽  
Xingwang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Cellulose Synthesis ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Lignin Synthesis

Abstract Background The characteristics of elephant grass, especially its stem lignocellulose, are of great significance for its quality as feed or other industrial raw materials. However, the research on lignocellulose biosynthesis pathway and key genes is limited because the genome of elephant grass has not been deciphered. Results In this study, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) combined with lignocellulose content analysis and cell wall morphology observation using elephant grass stems from different development stages as materials were applied to reveal the genes that regulate the synthesis of cellulose and lignin. A total of 3852 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in three periods of T1, T2, and T3 through RNA-seq analysis. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis of all DEGs showed that the two most abundant metabolic pathways were phenylpropane metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, which were closely related to cell wall development, hemicellulose, lignin and cellulose synthesis. Through weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of DEGs, a ‘blue’ module highly associated with cellulose synthesis and a ‘turquoise’ module highly correlated with lignin synthesis were exhibited. A total of 43 candidate genes were screened, of which 17 had function annotations in other species. Besides, by analyzing the content of lignocellulose in the stem tissues of elephant grass at different developmental stages and the expression levels of genes such as CesA, PAL, CAD, C4H, COMT, CCoAMT, F5H and CCR, it was found that the content of lignocellulose was related to the expression level of these structural genes. Conclusions This study provides a basis for further understanding the molecular mechanisms of cellulose and lignin synthesis pathways of elephant grass, and offers a unique and extensive list of candidate genes for future specialized functional studies which may promote the development of high-quality elephant grass varieties with high cellulose and low lignin content.

scholarly journals Wood Architecture and Composition Are Deeply Remodeled in Frost Sensitive Eucalyptus Overexpressing CBF/DREB1 Transcription Factors

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 3019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phi Bang Cao ◽  
Raphaël Ployet ◽  
Chien Nguyen ◽  
Annabelle Dupas ◽  
Nathalie Ladouce ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Chilling Temperatures ◽  
G Ratio ◽  
Transgenic Eucalyptus

Eucalypts are the most planted trees worldwide, but most of them are frost sensitive. Overexpressing transcription factors for CRT-repeat binding factors (CBFs) in transgenic Eucalyptus confer cold resistance both in leaves and stems. While wood plays crucial roles in trees and is affected by environmental cues, its potential role in adaptation to cold stress has been neglected. Here, we addressed this question by investigating the changes occurring in wood in response to the overexpression of two CBFs, taking advantage of available transgenic Eucalyptus lines. We performed histological, biochemical, and transcriptomic analyses on xylem samples. CBF ectopic expression led to a reduction of both primary and secondary growth, and triggered changes in xylem architecture with smaller and more frequent vessels and fibers exhibiting reduced lumens. In addition, lignin content and syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) ratio increased. Consistently, many genes of the phenylpropanoid and lignin branch pathway were upregulated. Most of the features of xylem remodeling induced by CBF overexpression are reminiscent of those observed after long exposure of Eucalyptus trees to chilling temperatures. Altogether, these results suggest that CBF plays a central role in the cross-talk between response to cold and wood formation and that the remodeling of wood is part of the adaptive strategies to face cold stress.

scholarly journals Tissue-Specific Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Lignocellulose Synthesis Regulation in Elephant Grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenqing Zhang ◽  
Shengkui Zhang ◽  
Xianqin Lu ◽  
Can Li ◽  
Xingwang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Cellulose Synthesis ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Lignin Synthesis

Abstract Background: The characteristics of elephant grass, especially its stem lignocellulose, are of great significance for its quality as feed or other industrial raw materials. However, the research on lignocellulose biosynthesis pathway and key genes is limited because the genome of elephant grass has not been deciphered.Results: In this study, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) combined with lignocellulose content analysis and cell wall morphology observation using elephant grass stems from different development stages as materials were applied to reveal the genes that regulate the synthesis of cellulose and lignin. A total of 3852 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in three periods of T1, T2, and T3 through RNA-seq analysis. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis of all DEGs showed that the two most abundant metabolic pathways were phenylpropane metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, which were closely related to cell wall development, hemicellulose, lignin and cellulose synthesis. Through weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of DEGs, a ‘blue’ module highly associated with cellulose synthesis and a ‘turquoise’ module highly correlated with lignin synthesis were exhibited. A total of 43 candidate genes were screened, of which 17 had function annotations in other species. Besides, by analyzing the content of lignocellulose in the stem tissues of elephant grass at different developmental stages and the expression levels of genes such as CesA, PAL, CAD, C4H, COMT, CCoAMT, F5H and CCR, it was found that the content of lignocellulose was related to the expression level of these structural genes.Conclusions: This study provides a basis for further understanding the molecular mechanisms of cellulose and lignin synthesis pathways of elephant grass, and offers a unique and extensive list of candidate genes for future specialized functional studies which may promote the development of high-quality elephant grass varieties with high cellulose and low lignin content.

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