scholarly journals Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 Contributes to Diverse Functional Actions of O-Phenyl-Iodotyramine in Mice but Not to the Effects of Monoamine-Based Antidepressants

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (16) ◽  
pp. 8907
Author(s):  
Ioannis Mantas ◽  
Mark J. Millan ◽  
Benjamin Di Cara ◽  
Lucianne Groenink ◽  
Sylvie Veiga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Preoptic Area ◽  
Similar Increase ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Inhibition Response ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
Marble Burying ◽  
Trace Amine ◽  
Tyrosine Hydroxylase Phosphorylation ◽  
Functional Actions

Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 (TAAR1) is a potential target for the treatment of depression and other CNS disorders. However, the precise functional roles of TAAR1 to the actions of clinically used antidepressants remains unclear. Herein, we addressed these issues employing the TAAR1 agonist, o-phenyl-iodotyramine (o-PIT), together with TAAR1-knockout (KO) mice. Irrespective of genotype, systemic administration of o-PIT led to a similar increase in mouse brain concentrations. Consistent with the observation of a high density of TAAR1 in the medial preoptic area, o-PIT-induced hypothermia was significantly reduced in TAAR1-KO mice. Furthermore, the inhibition of a prepulse inhibition response by o-PIT, as well as its induction of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation and elevation of extracellular DA in prefrontal cortex, were all reduced in TAAR1-KO compared to wildtype mice. O-PIT was active in both forced-swim and marble-burying tests, and its effects were significantly blunted in TAAR1-KO mice. Conversely, the actions on behaviour and prefrontal cortex dialysis of a broad suite of clinically used antidepressants were unaffected in TAAR1-KO mice. In conclusion, o-PIT is a useful tool for exploring the hypothermic and other functional antidepressant roles of TAAR1. By contrast, clinically used antidepressants do not require TAAR1 for expression of their antidepressant properties.

Sensitivity to amphetamine in prepulse inhibition response requires a mature medial prefrontal cortex.

2021 ◽  
Vol 135 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-38
Author(s):  
Auxiliadora Mena ◽  
Sandra López ◽  
Juan C. Ruiz-Salas ◽  
Aarón Fernández ◽  
Francisco J. Pérez-Díaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Prepulse Inhibition ◽  
Medial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Inhibition Response

Comparison of prefrontal architecture and connections

1996 ◽  
Vol 351 (1346) ◽  
pp. 1423-1432 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
Precise Information ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Prefrontal Cortical ◽  
Morphological Organization

The advent of new technology has led to a proliferation of studies examining the functional roles of discrete prefrontal cortical areas. This has created a need for more precise information regarding the morphological characteristics of this region. Existing architectonic maps of human and monkey brains are not compatible with regard to areal delineations and topography, creating significant difficulty in interpreting comparative data. Therefore, we have re-examined the comparative morphological organization of the prefrontal cortex in humans and rhesus monkeys. Our analysis indicates that the architectonic areas in both species correspond in terms of morphological features as well as topographical locations. We have developed a common organizational schema for these areas, thereby allowing for a resolution of previous discrepancies. Moreover, in monkeys a connectional analysis has revealed that each of the newly designated areas is characterized by a unique pattern of cortical relationships. The present organizational schema provides a framework for interrelating findings such as those obtained from human brain imaging studies with those from behavioural investigations of non-human primates.

scholarly journals Elastase-2 knockout mice display anxiogenic‐ and antidepressant-like phenotype: putative role for BDNF metabolism in prefrontal cortex

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
CRAF Diniz ◽  
C Becari ◽  
A Lesnikova ◽  
C Biojone ◽  
MCO Salgado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Knockout Mice ◽  
Alternative Pathway ◽  
Repetitive Behavior ◽  
In Silico Analysis ◽  
Total Activity ◽  
Repetitive Behaviors ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Marble Burying

AbstractSeveral pieces of evidence indicate that elastase-2 (ELA2; chymotrypsin-like ELA2) is an alternative pathway to the generation of angiotensin II (ANG II). Elastase-2 knockout mice (ELA2KO) exhibit alterations in the arterial blood pressure and heart rate. However, there is no data on the behavioral consequences of ELA2 deletion. In this study we addressed this question, submitting ELA2KO and wild-type (WT) mice to several models sensitive to anxiety‐ and depression-like, memory, and repetitive behaviors. Our data indicates a higher incidence of barbering behavior in ELA2KO compared to WT, as well as an anxiogenic phenotype, evaluated in the elevated plus maze (EPM). While a decrease in locomotor activity was observed in ELA2KO in EPM, this feature was not the main source of variation in the other parameters analyzed. The marble burying test (MBT) indicated increase in repetitive behavior, observed by a higher number of buried marbles. The actimeter test indicated a decrease in total activity and confirmed the increase in repetitive behavior. The spatial memory was tested by repeated exposure to the actimeter in a 24h interval. Both ELA2KO and WT exhibited decreased activity compared to the first exposure, without any distinction between the genotypes. However, when submitted to the cued fear conditioning, ELA2KO displayed lower levels of freezing behavior in the extinction session when compared to WT, but no difference was observed during the conditioning phase. Increased levels of BDNF were found in the prefrontal cortex but not in the hippocampus of ELA2KO mice compared to WT. Finally, in silico analysis indicates that ELA2 is putatively able to cleave BDNF, and incubation of the purified enzyme with BDNF led to the degradation of the later. Our data suggested an anxiogenic‐ and antidepressant-like phenotype of ELA2KO, possibly associated with increased levels of BDNF in the prefrontal cortex.

The Treatment of Depression by Dinitrile Succinate

1951 ◽  
Vol 97 (406) ◽  
pp. 209-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Experimental Animal ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Cellular Protein ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Sodium Thiosulphate ◽  
Curative Effect ◽  
Biopsy Specimens ◽  
Treatment Of Depression

Caspersson, Hyden and Hartelius, in a series of researches at the Caroline Institute, Stockholm, found that (a) nerve cells subjected to heavy stimulation become depleted of nucleoprotein; (b) nitrile compounds administered to the experimental animal hasten regeneration of this nucleoprotein; (c) biopsy specimens of the prefrontal cortex of psychotics removed at leucotomy show a reduction of cellular protein when compared with healthy subjects killed in accidents; (d) nitrile compounds have a beneficial stimulating action in psychotics and sometimes a permanent curative effect. The substance which they used, malononitrile, was toxic, liable to produce severe reactions and only usable with safety if, after the injection, the patient was kept under observation and given sodium thiosulphate at the first sign of trouble. Meyer and Meyer (1949) have adversely criticized their methods and conclusions.

Imaging Imagination: Brain Scanning of the Imagined Future

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
MORTEN L. KRINGELBACH ◽  
JOHN G. GEAKE
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Real World ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Counterfactual Thinking ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Selection Processes ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Interacting Networks ◽  
The Brain

Imagination is believed to be made-up of two components. The first one suggests that acts of imagination engage similar networks in the brain to those used for motor and sensory processing during interactions with the real world. The second component purports that the selection processes used in the subcomponents of imagination such as mindedness, anticipation, and counterfactual thinking rely on the subcortical and cortical networks of the brain which consist of components such as the cerebellum, orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and cingulate cortex. This chapter reviews the emerging literature on neuroimaging of various components of imagination. Imaging and other neuroscientific techniques offer various possibilities in the architecture of the imaginative mind. It shows how the neural bases of the imaginative activities are organized. Imaginative processes are distributed activities which recruit several brain areas and networks. These complex relations within and between these various networks are illustrated by the Dynamic Workspace Hypothesis. However it is expected that the precise functional roles of these interacting networks can be accurately defined through the advent of brain scanning and neuroimaging, particularly through the technical breakthroughs imagined in a Coda.

scholarly journals A Decade of Progress in Deep Brain Stimulation of the Subcallosal Cingulate for the Treatment of Depression

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 3260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharafuddin Khairuddin ◽  
Fung Yin Ngo ◽  
Wei Ling Lim ◽  
Luca Aquili ◽  
Naveed Ahmed Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Deep Brain Stimulation ◽  
Medial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Deep Brain

Major depression contributes significantly to the global disability burden. Since the first clinical study of deep brain stimulation (DBS), over 446 patients with depression have now undergone this neuromodulation therapy, and 29 animal studies have investigated the efficacy of subgenual cingulate DBS for depression. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the progress of DBS of the subcallosal cingulate in humans and the medial prefrontal cortex, its rodent homolog. For preclinical animal studies, we discuss the various antidepressant-like behaviors induced by medial prefrontal cortex DBS and examine the possible mechanisms including neuroplasticity-dependent/independent cellular and molecular changes. Interestingly, the response rate of subcallosal cingulate Deep brain stimulation marks a milestone in the treatment of depression. DBS achieved response and remission rates of 64–76% and 37–63%, respectively, from clinical studies monitoring patients from 6–24 months. Although some studies showed its stimulation efficacy was limited, it still holds great promise as a therapy for patients with treatment-resistant depression. Overall, further research is still needed, including more credible clinical research, preclinical mechanistic studies, precise selection of patients, and customized electrical stimulation paradigms.

scholarly journals A Brief Anatomical Sketch of Human Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamil Bhanji ◽  
David Victor Smith ◽  
Mauricio Delgado
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Major Focus ◽  
Functional Interpretation ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
White Matter Connectivity ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Human Neuroimaging

The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) is a major focus of investigation in human neuroscience, particularly in studies of emotion, social cognition, and decision making. Although the term vmPFC is widely used, the zone is not precisely defined, and for varied reasons has proven a complicated region to study. A difficulty identifying precise boundaries for the vmPFC comes partly from varied use of the term, sometimes including and sometimes excluding ventral parts of anterior cingulate cortex and medial parts of orbitofrontal cortex. These discrepancies can arise both from the need to refer to distinct sub-regions within a larger area of prefrontal cortex, and from the spatially imprecise nature of research methods such as human neuroimaging and natural lesions. The inexactness of the term is not necessarily an impediment, although the heterogeneity of the region can impact functional interpretation. Here we briefly address research that has helped delineate sub-regions of the human vmPFC, we then discuss patterns of white matter connectivity with other regions of the brain and how they begin to inform functional roles within vmPFC.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document