IL-33/ST2 Axis Plays a Protective Effect in Streptococcus pyogenes Infection through Strengthening of the Innate Immunity

Group A Streptococcus (GAS) causes invasive human diseases with the cytokine storm. Interleukin-33 (IL-33)/suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) axis is known to drive TH2 response, while its effect on GAS infection is unclear. We used an air pouch model to examine the effect of the IL-33/ST2 axis on GAS-induced necrotizing fasciitis. GAS infection induced IL-33 expression in wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice, whereas the IL-33- and ST2-knockout mice had higher mortality rates, more severe skin lesions and higher bacterial loads in the air pouches than those of WT mice after infection. Surveys of infiltrating cells in the air pouch of GAS-infected mice at the early stage found that the number and cell viability of infiltrating cells in both gene knockout mice were lower than those of WT mice. The predominant effector cells in GAS-infected air pouches were neutrophils. Absence of the IL-33/ST2 axis enhanced the expression of inflammatory cytokines, but not TH1 or TH2 cytokines, in the air pouch after infection. Using in vitro assays, we found that the IL-33/ST2 axis not only enhanced neutrophil migration but also strengthened the bactericidal activity of both sera and neutrophils. These results suggest that the IL-33/ST2 axis provided the protective effect on GAS infection through enhancing the innate immunity.

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Protective effect of betulinic acid on early atherosclerosis in diabetic apolipoprotein-E gene knockout mice

European Journal of Pharmacology ◽

10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.11.044 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 796 ◽

pp. 224-232 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Jung Joo Yoon ◽

Yun Jung Lee ◽

Byung Hyuk Han ◽

Eun Sik Choi ◽

Min Chul Kho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protective Effect ◽

Apolipoprotein E ◽

Knockout Mice ◽

Betulinic Acid ◽

Gene Knockout ◽

E Gene ◽

Apolipoprotein E Gene ◽

Gene Knockout Mice ◽

Early Atherosclerosis

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Study about the Expression of CypA Proteins and Its Blocking Effect in the Cerebellum from FMR1 Gene Knockout Mice by Electroacupuncture of DU1 Acupoint

Rehabilitation Medicine ◽

10.3724/sp.j.1329.2017.05029 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 27 (5) ◽

pp. 29

Author(s):

Dong LIN ◽

Wanping BU ◽

Xiaoting YANG

Keyword(s):

Knockout Mice ◽

Gene Knockout ◽

Blocking Effect ◽

Fmr1 Gene ◽

Gene Knockout Mice

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Detrimental implication of B1 receptors in myocardial ischemia: evidence from pharmacological blockade and gene knockout mice

International Immunopharmacology ◽

10.1016/s1567-5769(02)00022-x ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 2 (6) ◽

pp. 815-822 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

Caroline Lagneux ◽

Michael Bader ◽

João B. Pesquero ◽

Pierre Demenge ◽

Christophe Ribuot

Keyword(s):

Myocardial Ischemia ◽

Knockout Mice ◽

Gene Knockout ◽

B1 Receptors ◽

Gene Knockout Mice ◽

Pharmacological Blockade

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Enhanced antinociceptive effects of morphine in histamine H2 receptor gene knockout mice

Neuropharmacology ◽

10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.05.003 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 51 (3) ◽

pp. 612-622 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Jalal Izadi Mobarakeh ◽

Kazuhiro Takahashi ◽

Shinobu Sakurada ◽

Atsuo Kuramasu ◽

Kazuhiko Yanai

Keyword(s):

Knockout Mice ◽

Gene Knockout ◽

Receptor Gene ◽

Histamine H2 Receptor ◽

H2 Receptor ◽

Antinociceptive Effects ◽

Gene Knockout Mice

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Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 2 Enhances Vascular Reactivity During Development of Atherosclerosis in Mice

American Journal of Hypertension ◽

10.1093/ajh/hpaa154 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 121-122

Author(s):

Yi-quan Dai ◽

Xiao-xiao Yan ◽

Yi-chen Lin ◽

Hong-yu Chen ◽

Xiao-ru Liu

Keyword(s):

Knockout Mice ◽

Vascular Reactivity ◽

Transient Receptor Potential ◽

Gene Knockout ◽

Receptor Potential ◽

Blood Lipid ◽

Normal Diet ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin ◽

Transient Receptor

Abstract Background To investigate the function of transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) in vascular reactivity induced by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the aorta during development of atherosclerosis in mice. Methods Forty mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: C57BL/6J on normal diet (C57 + ND), C57BL/6J on high-fat diet (C57 + HFD), apolipoprotein E gene knockout mice (ApoE−/−) on ND (ApoE−/− + ND), and ApoE−/− on HFD (ApoE−/− + HFD). They were fed with a ND or HFD for 16 weeks. Aortic TRPM2 expression and isometric contractions were analyzed. Results In the ApoE−/− + HFD group, body weight, blood glucose, and blood lipid concentrations were increased, and aortic plaques were developed. Compared with the other 3 groups, aortic TRPM2 mRNA and protein levels were significantly increased in the ApoE−/− + HFD group (P < 0.01). Aortic reactivity to 5-HT was enhanced in ApoE−/− + HFD mice with lower EC50 values. The enhanced reactivity to 5-HT was significantly inhibited by TRPM2 inhibitors, N-p-amylcinnamoyl anthranilic acid (1 µmol/l) and 2-aminoethyl diphenylborinate (10 µmol/l). Conclusions Aortic TRPM2 expression is upregulated in ApoE knockout mice fed with a HFD. Upregulation of TRPM2 enhances 5-HT vascular reactivity during development of atherosclerosis.

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Helminth Interactions with Bacteria in the Host Gut Are Essential for Its Immunomodulatory Effect

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9020226 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 226

Author(s):

Milan Jirků ◽

Zuzana Lhotská ◽

Lucia Frgelecová ◽

Oldřiška Kadlecová ◽

Klára Judita Petrželková ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protective Effect ◽

Intestinal Inflammation ◽

Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽

Clinical Parameters ◽

Th2 Response ◽

Histological Changes ◽

Immunological Markers ◽

Bacterial Microbiota ◽

Inflammatory Effect

Colonization by the benign tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta, has been associated with a reduction in intestinal inflammation and changes in bacterial microbiota. However, the role of microbiota in the tapeworm anti-inflammatory effect is not yet clear, and the aim of this study was to determine whether disruption of the microflora during worm colonization can affect the course of intestinal inflammation. We added a phase for disrupting the intestinal microbiota using antibiotics to the experimental design for which we previously demonstrated the protective effect of H. diminuta. We monitored the immunological markers, clinical parameters, bacterial microbiota, and histological changes in the colon of rats. After a combination of colonization, antibiotics, and colitis induction, we had four differently affected experimental groups. We observed a different course of the immune response in each group, but no protective effect was found. Rats treated with colonization and antibiotics showed a strong induction of the Th2 response as well as a significant change in microbial diversity. The microbial results also revealed differences in the richness and abundance of some bacterial taxa, influenced by various factors. Our data suggest that interactions between the tapeworm and bacteria may have a major impact on its protective effect.

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Increased glycosphingolipid levels in serum and aortae of apolipoprotein E gene knockout mice

The Journal of Lipid Research ◽

10.1016/s0022-2275(20)30162-0 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 43 (2) ◽

pp. 205-214 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Brett Garner ◽

David A. Priestman ◽

Roland Stocker ◽

David J. Harvey ◽

Terry D. Butters ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Apolipoprotein E ◽

Knockout Mice ◽

Gene Knockout ◽

E Gene ◽

Apolipoprotein E Gene ◽

Gene Knockout Mice

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Mechanism of calcium hydroxide–induced neutrophil migration into air-pouch cavity

Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology Oral Radiology and Endodontology ◽

10.1016/j.tripleo.2007.12.013 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 105 (6) ◽

pp. 814-821 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Mariana Machado Teixeira de Moraes Costa ◽

Sandra Helena Penha de Oliveira ◽

João Eduardo Gomes-Filho

Keyword(s):

Calcium Hydroxide ◽

Neutrophil Migration ◽

Air Pouch

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Minor Changes in Erythrocyte Osmotic Fragility in Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 5 (TAAR5) Knockout Mice

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22147307 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (14) ◽

pp. 7307

Author(s):

Ilya S. Zhukov ◽

Larisa G. Kubarskaya ◽

Inessa V. Karpova ◽

Anastasia N. Vaganova ◽

Marina N. Karpenko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Knockout Mice ◽

Emotional Regulation ◽

Complete Blood Count ◽

Gene Knockout ◽

Hematological Parameters ◽

Osmotic Fragility ◽

Erythrocyte Osmotic Fragility ◽

Trace Amine ◽

Socially Relevant ◽

The Impact

Trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) are a group of G protein-coupled receptors that are expressed in the olfactory epithelium, central nervous system, and periphery. TAAR family generally consists of nine types of receptors (TAAR1-9), which can detect biogenic amines. During the last 5 years, the TAAR5 receptor became one of the most intriguing receptors in this subfamily. Recent studies revealed that TAAR5 is involved not only in sensing socially relevant odors but also in the regulation of dopamine and serotonin transmission, emotional regulation, and adult neurogenesis by providing significant input from the olfactory system to the limbic brain areas. Such results indicate that future antagonistic TAAR5-based therapies may have high pharmacological potential in the field of neuropsychiatric disorders. TAAR5 is known to be expressed in leucocytes as well. To evaluate potential hematological side effects of such future treatments we analyzed several hematological parameters in mice lacking TAAR5. In these mutants, we observed minor but significant changes in the osmotic fragility test of erythrocytes and hematocrit levels. At the same time, analysis of other parameters including complete blood count and reticulocyte levels showed no significant alterations in TAAR5 knockout mice. Thus, TAAR5 gene knockout leads to minor negative changes in the erythropoiesis or eryptosis processes, and further research in that field is needed. The impact of TAAR5 deficiency on other hematological parameters seems minimal. Such negative, albeit minor, effects of TAAR5 deficiency should be taken into account during future TAAR5-based therapy development.

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